we ¢. , Bath see AMERICAN MUSEUM Novitates PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10024 Number 2659, pp. 1-24, figs. 1-43, maps 1-3 October 11, 1978 A Revision of the Moth Genus Xanthotype (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) FREDERICK H. RINDGE! ABSTRACT The genus Xanthotype is revised for the first time since Swett’s initial work (1918). Five species are included; they occur in the continental United States and southern Canada. The following changes in syn- onymy are made: vagaria Swett and turbidaria Swett are placed in the synonymy of urticaria Swett; man- itobensis Swett and marylandensis Swett are now synonyms of sospeta (Drury). All species are fully described; keys to the genitalia are given for the first time. All the species and their genitalia are illus- trated; distributional maps are included. Taxonomic problems within the genus are discussed, including geographic and seasonal variation within certain spe- cies. INTRODUCTION The genus Xanthotype has not been revised since Swett’s paper of 1918, although McDun- nough (1926, 1938) made some nomenclatural changes. A preliminary survey of the members of this distinctive genus showed that additional changes were needed. The purpose of the pres- ent paper is to revise Xanthotype, to propose keys to the genitalia of both sexes for the first time, to redescribe the included species, and to discuss the problems within the genus. Warren described Xanthotype in 1894, desig- nating Phalaena crocataria Fabricius, 1798, as the type species. This specific name was used to include all species in the genus until 1918, when Swett revised the group. It should be noted that he retained crocataria as a valid species; sospeta Drury, 1773, was used by McDunnough in 1926 to replace the Fabrician name. Two other names antedate Swett’s revi- sion; they are citrinaria Hiibner, 1824, and caelaria Hulst, 1886. Swett based his study basically on the genitalia of the males, and named nine taxa; six of these were on the specific level, two as “‘var.’’ (presumably meaning subspecies), and one as a ‘‘form.” Swett’s revision appeared in four parts, accom- panied by two color plates and six genitalic drawings; the last section ends with ‘‘To be continued,’’ but no further parts were ever pub- lished. Written descriptions were given for four taxa; the adults of three of these were illus- trated. The five remaining names were vali- dated by the figures on the color plates, accompanied by their names and the type lo- calities. McDunnough (1926) published an ex- cellent review of Swett’s work, based primarily ‘Curator, Department of Entomology, the American Museum Of Natural History. Copyright © The American Museum of Natural History 1978 ISSN 0003-0082 / $1.75 Z AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES on Canadian material, which resulted in some synonymies. Additional changes were published by McDunnough (1938); no other changes have been made since then. The adults of Xanthotype are easy to recog- nize, with their bright. yellow wings, brownish spotting, and relatively large size. Adults were illustrated by early authors, usually under the name crocataria Fabricius; some of these in- clude Packard (1869, pl. 8, fig. 5 [male]; 1876, pl. 11, fig. 52 [male]), Saunders (1883, fig. 362 [female]), Lugger (1898, fig. 180 [male]), and Holland (1919, pl. 44, figs. 39 [male], 40 [caelaria female]). I have purposely omitted the figures given by Drury and Hiibner in the above list to avoid duplication; references to these earlier figures are given in the bibliogra- phy of sospeta. The adults of all species included in this genus are, for practical purposes, externally in- distinguishable from one another, as they are almost identical in color, maculation, and size. Within a given population there is often consid- erable variation in the extent of the larger spots that indicate the cross lines, and the amount of brown scaling and speckling on the wings. In some instances a single population may have specimens that run the gamut from heavily spotted to almost immaculate. There does not seem to’be any noticeable north-south variation in size or maculation. This is not the case, however, when series of specimens from east to west are studied. Two species, urticaria and sospeta, extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains across southern Canada and the northern United States, and then south in the Rockies. Both species exhibit parallel varia- tion, going from east to west, as they gradually tend to become larger in size and to have pro- gressively reduced maculation; this is appar- ently a clinal variation, as no discernible breaks in the characters have been found. Swett appar- ently did not realize that he was dealing with clinal variation, and so he named several sub- species, as well as one heavily spotted form. I am not using any subspecific names in this paper, as I believe that the evidence will not substantiate such categories in this genus. In addition to the individual and geographic variation, there is often a seasonal one; this can be rather subtle in its expression. Moths caught NO. 2659 early in the year (usually in the early spring months, depending on the locality) tend to be slightly larger and to have less brown scaling on the upper surface than do moths caught later in the flight period. This could be an indication of either two generations per year, or a succes- sion of broods during that period. No one has found a reliable way to recog- nize the species as yet except by genitalia. Swett (1918) was the first to realize the value of the genitalic structures; McDunnough (1926, p. 120) pointed out that the male genitalia can be studied without dissection, by removing some of the scales ventrally at the end of the abdo- men. The species can be separated into two groups based on the form of the aedeagus; the latter is nearly always visible for study. One group has a slender organ with a sclerotized, often dark brown, flat, bilobed apex (urticaria, barnesi, and rufaria; see figs. 14-16); the other has a larger, curved, bluntly pointed organ that is broadly swollen medially (sospeta and at- tenuaria; see figs. 17, 18). With a little experi- ence, the great majority of males can be determined without dissection, using the tech- nique outlined by McDunnough. With the spe- cies of the first group, rufaria has both sides of the aedeagus prominently serrate, while the other two have smooth margins; barnesi is known only from California, whereas urticaria occurs in eastern North America and the Rocky Mountains. With the second group, the best specific character (without dissection) is the process of the sacculus; in attenuaria it is elongate and strongly spinose, and is usually easily seen, whereas in sospeta this structure is small and inconspicuous. Unfortunately, no such easily available characters have been found for the females; dissections are neces- sary, and the characters are not so obvious as in the males. In the present paper I am deviating from my usual bibliographical style in that I am not attempting to give all the citations to be found for each name. The reason for this is the afore- mentioned difficulties in correctly identifying the species; references prior to the 1918 revision were usually given as crocataria, and this name was applied to all our species. Without examining the adults upon which these early references were made (and these specific moths 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 3 are nearly always impossible to locate with cer- tainty), one cannot be confident of the correct present-day terminology; hence the citations are not given. The only citations and distribution records given in this paper, outside of those of the original descriptions, new combinations, and synonymies, are those that I have been able to verify personally. The same problem arises when working with the early stage and food plant references; arti- cles on these subjects go back more than 100 years in the literature. Once again it is impossi- ble to tell to which species these refer. One result of these early articles is to have produced a considerable amount of confusion as to the food plants of the various species. Because subsequent authors have cited previous refer- ences without checking them thoroughly, early errors have been perpetuated. In the generic descriptions for Early Stages and Food Plants I give a summary of the literature. For the indi- vidual species, the only citations are those that I have verified. A number of reared specimens have been examined that had only the date of emergence for the moth, or indicated that the adult was reared from the egg. Practically none of these had any food plant information on the pin labels; consequently, this valuable informa- tion has been lost. I urge, as strongly as possi- ble, that the host record always be included in the labeling of every reared specimen. All the photographs in this revision were taken by me. Every extant holotype and al- lotype are illustrated in this paper with the exception of marylandensis Swett, which was never spread. During the course of this study I have exam- ined 1886 specimens (1441 males, 445 females) and 261 genitalic dissections (183 males, 78 females). The majority of the dissections were prepared by me; in addition, I made slide mounts of the antennae and legs of both sexes when sufficient specimens were available. All specimens studied by me at the American Mu- seum of Natural History have had identification labels placed on their pins (with the exception of primary types). The majority of specimens (1205) and slides (131) are in the collection of that institution. The following abbreviations have been used: AMNH, the American Museum of Natural History CNC, the Canadian National Collection EQ, Eric Quinter, Department of Entomology, the American Museum of Natural History LAM, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County USNM, National Museum of Natural Smithsonian Institution History, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I acknowledge with thanks the cooperation and aid of the following colleagues who have allowed me to study the types and specimens in their charge, who have furnished me with spec- imens and data, and who have been kind enough to answer many questions: Dr. F. Mar- tin Brown, Colorado Springs, Colorado; Mr. Julian P. Donahue for the Natural History Mu- seum of Los Angeles County; Dr. D. C. Fergu- son for the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Mr. Ira Heller for Adelphi University; Dr. W. C. McGuffin for the Canadian National Collection; Dr. Al- fred F. Newton, Jr., for the Museum of Com- parative Zoology; Dr. J. A. Powell for the California Insect Survey Collection, University of California, Berkeley; and Mr. Eric Quinter, Department of Entomology, the American Mu- seum of Natural History. I am also indebted to Mrs. Marjorie Favreau for the preparation of the maps. GENUS XANTHOTYPE WARREN Angerona of authors, not Duponchel: Packard, 1876, p. 474. Anon., 1882, p. 25. Grote, 1882, p. 45. Smith, 1891, p. 66. Xanthotype Warren, 1894, p. 463. Hulst, 1896, p. 372. Dyar, ‘£1902’ [1903], p. 336. Smith, 1903, p. 79. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 120. McDunnough, 1938, p. 167. Forbes, 1948, p. 79. DiaGNnosis: The moths can be easily recog- nized by their large size and bright yellow wings, the latter having a variable amount of brown maculation. Antennae of the males are pectinate, and very shortly pectinate in the females. Male genitalia are recognized by the elongate, complex valves, each costa having a basal arm, a raised, sclerotized median process, a swollen sacculus with a small to elongate digitate process; the vesica is without spines. Female genitalia have a wide, sclerotized 4 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES lamella postvaginalis, a relatively large ductus bursae, and a large elliptical signum. ADULT: Head with eyes of both sexes large, round, wider than front; front slightly convex; tongue present; palpi moderate, extending slightly beyond front, not rising to middle of eyes; antenna with from about 43 to 51 seg- ments, pectinate in male, partly pectinate in female; males with pectinations arising in basal half of segments, with terminal five or six seg- ments simple, pectinations about 6 times as long as basal segments, 1.1 to 1.2 mm. in length, each pectination with double row of slender setae below and with one or two larger, thicker setae at apex; females with short pec- tinations on basal two-thirds of segments, each pectination occupying most of length of each segment, pectination on distal side of antenna longer than one on basal side, longest pectina- tions shorter than their basal segments. Thorax slender, without tufts; fore tibia unarmed, with process of male arising one-third distance from base of segment and extending slightly beyond apex, of female shorter, arising about three- fifths distance from base of segment; hind tibia with two pairs of spurs in both sexes, males without groove and hair pencil. Abdomen slender, elongate, without dorsal tufts; males with ventral surface of third segment without row of setae and last segment without modifica- tion. Forewings broad, apex angulate, outer mar- gin rounded; 12 veins present; with or without one accessory cell; R uniting with Sc; R,4, stalked, R, going to costa just before apex; mdc and Idec of about equal length, angled basad; Cu, from shortly before lower angle; fovea absent. Hind wings broad, weakly pro- jecting at R, concave to M,, then rounded; frenulum strong in both sexes; Sc paralleling R for less than half length of cell; R and M, separating before upper angle of cell; m and Idc angled; M, from lower angle; cell moderate, extending one-half or less length of wing; Cu, arising nearer angle than to Cu,. Upper surface of all wings yellow, variably marked with brown, grayish brown, or lilac- brown spots and scaling, more or less concen- trated in areas of t. a., t. p., and extradiscal lines, maculation sometimes reduced or absent. NO. 2659 Under surface similar to upper surface but with somewhat reduced maculation. Females tending to be slightly larger than males, to be slightly paler in color, and to have less prominent mac- ulation. MALE GENITALIA: Uncus_ heavily scle- rotized, broad, rounded apically, curved ventrally, with weakly defined single or double apical projection on ventral surface; socius small, inconspicuous, located adjacent to apical projection; gnathos prominent, heavily scle- rotized, U-shaped, widened medially, postero- ventral margin bluntly pointed; valves elongate, complex; costa with short to elongate, flat- tened, basal arm, setose distally; distal portion of valve slender, inner face setose; median pro- cess of valve sclerotized, raised, apically pointed; sacculus lightly sclerotized, swollen, extending partially or completely to middle of valve, more or less setose, and with small to elongate, simple or setose digitate process; transtilla broad laterally, very slender medially, weakly sclerotized; anellus large, flat, anterior portion semicircular or elliptical, posterior por- tion larger, tending to be slightly more heavily sclerotized, widened posteriorly; cristae and furca absent; tegumen large, broad, thick dor- soventrally; saccus large, broad, anterior end with two lateral lobes; aedeagus simple, either with sides more or less parallel or becoming broadly swollen posteriorly, ventral surface sclerotized, margins with or without small teethlike projections, posterior end truncate, weakly concave, or sharply bifurcate. in length about equal to combined lengths of tegumen and saccus; vesica relatively small when evert- ed, extending dorsally as simple tube, with or without weakly sclerotized area. FEMALE GENITALIA. Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis heavily sclerotized, _flaplike, wider than long, lamella antevaginalis in form of narrow rim around edge of ductus bursae; ductus bursae sclerotized, with length about equal to width; ductus seminalis arising medio- ventrally, anteriad of ductus bursae; corpus bur- sae elongate, membranous, posterior portion slender, with or without swollen, lightly scle- rotized area extending anteriorly from ductus bursae, anterior portion swollen; signum large, more or less elliptical, with raised rim all 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 5 around. Apophyses posteriores 1.5 to 2.3 mm. in length. Segment 8 with curved depression just posteriad of lamella postvaginalis, with or without prominent posteroventral ridge on each side near end of segment. EARLY STAGES: As discussed in the I[ntro- duction, a number of papers have been pub- lished on the early stages, but it is almost impossible to tell to which species these refer. It is probable that most of them pertain to urticaria and sospeta, as the rearings were done primarily in the northern United States and southern Canada, and these are the only two species occurring in that area. The follow- ing is a chronological list of many of the pa- pers pertaining to Xanthotype; it is not complete, as I have been unable to examine -some additional references. Angerona crocataria: Packard, 1869, p. 319, pl. 8, fig. 5a (caterpillar; larval description); 1876, p. 475, pl. 13, fig. 9 (caterpillar; larval description). French, 1878, p. 243 (larval description, based on Packard, 1869). Saunders, 1883, p. 348, fig. 361 (caterpillar; larval description). Gumppenberg, 1887, p. 396 (larval description). Dyar, 1894, p. 62 (larval notes); 1901, p. 226 (description of eggs, larvae, pupae). Lugger, 1898, p. 233 (de- scription of larvae, pupae). Mosher, 1916, pp. 129, 131 (pupal description). Angeronia [sic] crocaotaria [sic]: Bowles, 1871, p. 9 (description of eggs, larvae, pupae). Xanthotype sospeta: Forbes, 1945, p. 195 (descrip- tion of larvae, pupae); 1948, p. 79 (description of eggs, larvae, pupae). Peterson, 1962, p. 118, fig. 29 (description, photograph of eggs). Xanthotype urticaria: McDunnough, 1933, p. 125, fig. 4 (cremaster; larval description). Forbes, 1948, p. 80 (larval note). Swett (1918, pp. 39, 41, 43) claimed to have life history information, but this was never published. Foop PLANTS: The same _ precautionary words given in the Introduction and Early Stages apply here. Angerona crocataria: Packard, 1869, p. 319 (culti- vated strawberries); 1876, p. 475 (strawberries, currants). Saunders, 1883, p. 348 (‘‘gooseberry, Strawberry, and other plants besides’). Bruce, 1887, p. 48 (currants). Lugger, 1898, p. 233 (a general feeder, especially currants). Dyar, 1901, p. 227 (Polygonum). Grossbeck, 1917, p. 101 (Polygonum, red currant, “‘wild currant,” straw- berry, gooseberry, and mint). Angeronia [sic] crocaotaria [sic]; Bowles, 1871, p. 9 (red currant). Xanthotype sospeta: McDunnough, 1933, p. 125 (Cornus, Thalictrum). Forbes, 1948, p. 79 (a general feeder on low plants, also on Cornus). Prentice, 1963, p. 477 (basswood, red maple, bitternut hickory, white elm). Xanthotype urticaria: McDunnough, 1933, p. 125 (Cornus; pupae between leaves of Myrica). Forbes, 1948, p. 80 (Cornus). Wood, 1951, p. 243 (blueberries). Prentice, 1963, p. 478 (moun- tain maple). Ferguson, 1975, p. 27 (Glechoma, Rhododendron; a pupa found on Alnus). Summarizing the above, the caterpillars have been reported as feeding on (or their pupae found on) members of the following families of plants; Aceraceae, Betulaceae, Cornaceae, Ericaceae, Juglandaceae, Labiatae, Myricaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Sax- ifragaceae, Tiliaceae, and Urticaceae. Food plants verified during the course of this study include members of the Betulaceae, Ca- prifoliaceae, Compositae, Ericaceae, Iridaceae, Labiatae, Rosaceae, and Saxifragaceae. TYPE SPEcIES: Phalaena crocataria Fabri- —cius, 1798; by original designation. The taxon represented by the nominal species Phalaena crocataria is currently treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds. as the same as that repre- sented by the older-established nominal species Phal{aena] Noct(ua] sospeta Drury, 1773. DISTRIBUTION: Continental United States and southern Canada, apparently being absent from Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and Alaska. REMARKS: See the Introduction for a discus- sion of variation and the problems of separating the different species. The adults will fly during the day if dis- turbed, and readily come to light at night. On two occasions I have collected urticaria in se- ries; both were at the same location in the Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming, at an elevation of about 6000 ft. (1830 m.). On the first trip I was assisted by Phyllis and Bar- bara Rindge; we collected from July 9 through 14, 1959. We netted 16 specimens during the days or at dusk. At night we caught 62 speci- 6 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES mens with only Coleman lanterns burning; when we used both Colemans and “black light,’ the totals were 44 and 32, respectively. The second trip was from July 2 through II, 1962, with my assistants being Phyllis and Marguerite Rindge. We netted only four moths this time. Each night we used both Colemans and “‘black light’; we caught 32 and 80, re- spectively. As we were using the same collect- ing equipment, lights, and techniques at the same localities on both trips it is difficult to explain the differential response of the moths to the two types of lights on these trips. All the moths were males except for three females (one caught with a net) in 1959 and two in 1962. The disparate sex ratio is probably explained by our being in the area before the majority of the females had emerged from their pupae. KEY TO SPECIES Based on Male Genitalia 1. Costal arm 0.3 to 0.5 mm. in length; aedeagus broadly enlarged medially; vesica with weakly sclerotized rectangular area ...... 4 Costal arm less than 0.2 mm. in length; aedeagus with parallel sides or slightly enlarged medi- ally; vesica unarmed................... 2 2. Sacculus with swollen, prominently spinose ante- rior ridge; aedeagus with posterolateral Margins serrate................0.. rufaria Sacculus not as above; aedeagus with smooth posterolateral margins......... Saiestgarah cx mutes 3 3. Process of sacculus very small, 0.1 mm. in PMC WB nase Sat cate hay obs. doing pee cone aehat lds at barnesi Process of sacculus longer, 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in hength 3. wh tel. . oad te ee urticaria 4. Process of sacculus thin, small, usually not spin- ose, 0.2 to 0.5 mm. in length..... sospeta Process of sacculus thick, elongate, spinose, 0.4 to 0.7 mm. in length .......... attenuaria Based on Female Genitalia and Abdomen 1. Corpus bursae with ventral surface of posterior end sclerotized; segment 8 with posterior end evenly tapering .............. 00.0 cece 2 Corpus bursae with posterior end membranous; segment 8 with posterior end having deep depression and anterior flangelike lip on each side--vertrallye so! .g Pie vo atk ob ees Moe 4 2. Lamella postvaginalis 0.25 to 0.40 mm. wide; segment 8 with posterior margin rim-like spi enna chat rch eras ape teat Me athe sea hay Meee rufaria NO. 2659 Lamella postvaginalis 0.40 to 0.55 mm. wide; segment 8 with posterior margin simple, un- MOdIAEdS. a2 oo. poles ieee oa EP ae eS 3 3. Apophyses posteriores 1.7 mm. in length, com- bined lengths of ductus bursae and corpus bursae’ 2. 75.aMM 6 ay OR ee barnesi Apophyses posteriores 1.9 to 2.2 mm. in length; combined lengths of ductus bursae and corpus bursae 3.05 to 4.50 mm., averaging 3.60 TIT eis spo onde Og cette ee Bae s Soe ae urticaria 4. Segment 8 with anterior depression small and membranous ............... 000 0e sospeta Segment 8 with anterior depression deep and Sclerotizeds: | .f.nF 0. 4 wort eee oe 3 attenuaria Xanthotype urticaria Swett Figures 1-9, 14, 27 Angerona crocataria (in part): see listing under sospeta, below; most of early references refer to both urticaria and sospeta, and there is no way of distinguishing between them. Xanthotype urticaria Swett, 1918, pl. 7, figs. 4, 5 (male holotype, female allotype). McDunnough, 1926, p. 121. Forbes, 1948, p. 80, figs. 103a, b (male valve, aedeagus). Xanthotype urticaria form watsoni Swett, 1918, pl. 7, fig. 6 (male holotype). NEW SYNONYMY. Xanthotype vagaria Swett, 1918, pl. 8, fig. 12 (male holotype). NEW SYNONYMY. Xanthotype vagaria var. turbidaria Swett, 1918, pl. 8, figs. 14, 15 (male holotype, female allotype). NEW SYNONYMY. DiaGNosis: The male genitalia are dis- tinguished by the aedeagus being slender, hav- ing almost parallel sides and an unarmed vesica, by the short costal arms, and by the elongate process of each sacculus. In the female, the abdomen has the posterior end of segment 8 evenly tapering, and the genitalia have a wide lamella postvaginalis and large ductus bursae and corpus bursae. MALE: Head with vertex and front yellow, the latter tending to have ventrolateral and ven- tral portions pale to dark brown; palpi grayish brown, dark brown, or blackish brown. Thorax yellow above and below; legs with coxae yellow, distal segments variably yellow and brown. Abdomen yellow above and below. Upper Surface of Wings: All wings uni- colorous yellow, with variable amount of brown and lilac-brown spotting; forewings tending to have t. a. line represented by three 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 7 Fics 1-8. Adults of Xanthotype urticaria Swett. 1. Holotype, male, Deerfield, Nova Scotia (AMNH). 2. Allotype, female, Nova Scotia (AMNH). 3. X. urticaria form watsoni Swett, holotype, male, Newfoundland, New Jersey, August 13, 1904 (Watson; AMNH). 4. Female, Port Washington, New York, August 14, 1938 (R. R. McElvare; AMNH). 5. X. vagaria Swett, holotype, male, New Washington, Pennsylvania, August 16, 1915 (N. McMurray; MCZ). 6. Female, Rye, New York, June 11, 1929 (V. Ghika; AMNH). 7. X. vagaria var. turbidaria Swett, holotype, male, head of Plum Creek, Colorado, June 29 (MCZ). 8. Female, Valley View Lodge, Colorado, July 14, 1957 (F. and P. Rindge; AMNH). All X1.3. 8 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES small lilac-centered brown ‘spots located on veins R, Cu, and A; t. p. line varying from complete to obsolescent, many specimens with more or less complete lilac-centered brown band extending from middle of wing to anal margin; fringe concolorous with wing, either with or without brown spots opposite vein end- ings. Hind wings similar in maculation to fore- wings, tending to have partial extradiscal band; fringe similar to that of forewing. Under Surface of Wings: Similar to upper surface but tending to have slightly less spot- ting. Length of Forewing: 13 to 22 mm. FEMALE: Similar to male, with color of wings either the same or slightly paler, and with less brown spotting and maculation on both upper and under surfaces of wings. Length of Forewing: 14 to 23 mm. MALE GENITALIA: Uncus with apex weakly bilobed; valves with each costal arm _ short,. curved ventrodistally, posterior margin with from 12 to 20 slender, elongate setae, those at apex tending to be thicker than others; median process of valve variable in shape, subrectangu- lar to more or less triangular, distally or medi- ally with elongate, slender, digitate process; sacculus extending to middle of valve, enlarged just basad of middle, having numerous, very slender, inconspicuous setae, and with promi- nent curved process, 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in length, tapering to point, its surface minutely setose, with setae laying almost flat on surface; aedeagus slender, slightly swollen just posteriad of middle, margins smooth, posterior end con- cave, with sclerotized lateral points of equal length, or with right one slightly longer; vesica unarmed. FEMALE GENITALIA: Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis 0.40 to 0.55 mm. wide, anterior margin varying from truncate to weakly rounded, posterior margin arcuate with median indentation; ductus bursae with lateral margins tending to be weakly convex; corpus bursae with posterior end lightly sclerotized and swollen; signum variable in size, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 mm. in width. Apophyses posteri- ores 1.9 to 2.2 mm. in length. Segment 8 with curved depression posteriad of lamella postvaginalis extending width of segment, shal- NO. 2659 low, and without posteroventral ridges or swell- ings. EARLY STAGES: See this section under ge- neric heading. Foop PLANTS: Spiraea (Rosaceae; CNC), Rhododendron (Ericacaea; USNM), Glechoma (Labiatae; USNM), and Solidago (Compositae; CNC); also from a pupa found on Alnus (Be- tulaceae; USNM). Also see this section under generic heading. The above hosts include those given by Ferguson (1975, p. 27). I think it is relatively safe to accept the food plants given by McDunnough (1933, p. 125), which in- cluded Cornus (Cornaceae) and a pupa found on Myrica (Myricacaeae), although I have not examined the specimens in question. Both re- cords for just the pupae need to be verified, as the presence of the chrysalis on a plant does not necessarily mean that the caterpillar actu- ally ate the host in question. TyPes: Of urticaria, holotype, male, and allotype, female, in AMNH (see figs. 1, 2). The genitalia of the holotype were mounted by Swett on slide Xanthotype no. 11, and have been examined by me. Of watsoni, holotype, male, in AMNH (see fig. 3). The genitalia were mounted by Swett on slide Xanthotype no. 14, and have been examined by me. Of vagaria, holotype, male, in MCZ (see fig. 5). The genitalia were mounted by Swett, but have not been located. Swett described this as “‘vagaria variety’ and this is apparently the only place he used the name for the nominate subspecies; however, it is sufficient to validate it. The specimen that matches Swett’s figure of the holotype (1918, pl. 8, fig. 12) was not labeled as a type; it was found in the Museum of Comparative Zoology collection and I have placed a holotype label on it. Of turbidaria, holotype, male, in the Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology (see fig. 7). The allotype, female, has not been located. The holotype no longer has an abdomen, although it was on the specimen when it was photographed for Swett’s plate (1918, pl. 8, fig. 14); there is no blue paper, with Swett’s notation that the genitalia were dissected, on the pin of the spec- imen. The holotype label for turbidaria was on an Alberta specimen in the Museum of Com- 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 9 parative Zoology; this was obviously in error, as the type locality was given as Plum Creek, Colorado. A similar situation still exists for the female, as the specimen bearing Swett’s al- lotype label is not from the locality given on his pl. 8, fig. 15. A search of the MCZ collec- tion produced the actual holotype, bearing an unpublished name by Swett. I have transferred the holotype label to the Colorado specimen so that the actual type is now correctly labeled. TYPE LOocALITIES: Of urticaria, ‘‘D’f ld’ [Deerfield], Nova Scotia. Of watsoni, New- foundland, Morris County, New Jersey; Swett gave it as ‘‘New Foundland” and this was mis- taken by subsequent authors (McDunnough, 1926, p. 121; Forbes, 1948, p. 80) for the Canadian province. Of vagaria, New Wash- ington, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Of turbidaria, head of Plum Creek, Douglas County, Colorado; this is west of Larkspur, at about 7000 ft. elevation (see Brown, 1956, p. 211, and 1972, p. 245 for information about this locality). DISTRIBUTION: Across southern Canada, from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, west to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. In the United States, from Maine west to eastern Montana and eastern Wyoming, south in the mountains to northern Georgia, in the midwest to Kansas, the Ozark Plateau, and Mississippi, and in the Rocky Mountains, to Colorado, northern New Mexico and to the Mogollon Plateau and White Mountains of Arizona. (See map |.) The spe- cies occurs from sea level up to at least eleva- tions of 7800 and 8000 ft. (2375 and 2440 m.) in Colorado and New Mexico. FLIGHT PERIOD: June, July, and August in Canada and the Rocky Mountains; from April into September in the southern and southeastern United States. REMARKS: One thousand one hundred ninety specimens (979 males, 211 females) and 131 genitalic dissections (92 males, 39 females) have been studied. The high percentage of males is explained, at least in part, by the large Map 1. Distribution of Xanthotype urticaria Swett. 10 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES series of specimens taken in Crook County, Wyoming (see Remarks under Xanthotype), where 265 males and five females were cap- tured. If these figures are subtracted from the number of specimens studied, the total comes to 791 males and 196 females. This species is very variable in maculation. In eastern and midwestern North America, most of the specimens have the upper surface of the wings more or less speckled with dark NO. 2659 scales; Swett’s watsoni is an example of a heavily spotted male. Swett’s vagaria is a spec- imen that has moderate maculation; I do not know why he named this species and, as no verbal description was printed, he left no clues. As both the above names represent individual variation in the species, they are placed as synonyms of urticaria. Specimens of urticaria get progressively larger and have less macula- tion the farther west they occur, as compared Fics. 9-13. Male genitalia of Xanthotype. 9. X. urticaria Swett, 3 mi. NW Warsaw, Missouri, May 31, 1975 (J. R. Heitzman; AMNH). 10. X. barnesi Swett, Honn Campground, California, July 1, 1975 (J. P. and K. E. Donahue; LAM). Il. X. rufaria Swett, Carteret County, North Carolina, July 19, 1971 (JJ. B. Sullivan; AMNH). 12. X. sospeta (Drury), Chaffey Locks, Ontario, July 28, 1969 (J. C. E. Riotte; AMNH). 13. X. attenuaria Swett, Sunshine, Louisiana, April 16, 1972 (V. A. Brou; AMNH). 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 1] with eastern moths, culminating in the material from the southern Rocky Mountain States. This is a clinal variation, without any noticeable break in either size or pattern; Swett’s tur- bidaria represents the western end of the cline, and hence this name is placed in the synonymy of urticaria. At least one of Swett’s paratypes of tur- bidaria is a specimen of sospeta; it is a female from Salida, Colorado, July 12, 1898, with the genitalia mounted on slide FHR 18444, and is in the National Museum of Natural History. The genitalia are much less variable than the maculation, and have the best characters to de- termine the species. There is relatively little variation within the genitalia of both sexes; some of the apparent variability may be due to the positioning of these structures on the slides, and the degree of flattening by the cover glasses. In the males, there is some variation in the length of the curved process of the sac- culus, and in the shape of the median process of the valve. The latter may be either sym- metrical or slightly asymmetrical. The usual configuration is for the median process to have a more or less straight distal margin extending Fics. 14-18. Aedeagi of Xanthotype, from the same specimens as figures 9-13. 14. X. urticaria Swett. 15. X. barnesi Swett. 16. X. rufaria Swett; the aedeagus is partly turned laterally. 17. X. sospeta (Drury). 18. X. attenuaria Swett. All 2.4 times larger than figures 9-13. 12 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES to the pointed or apically rounded digitate pro- cess; the basal margin is usually angulate, but this varies in degree. The apex of the aedeagus is variable in shape, due primarily to the depth of the median depression; the latter varies from being very shallow to moderately deep, so that the apex may be almost flat or have two dis- tinct lateral points. In the latter case, the points are either of about equal length or the night one is slightly longer than the one on the left side. In the female structures, there is variation in the size and shape of the lamella postvaginalis; in fact it is difficult to find two specimens that have this structure the same size and shape. Similarly, the signum shows a considerable range in size. Xanthotype barnesi Swett Figures 10, 15, 19-22, 28 Xanthotype barnesi Swett, 1918, pl. 8, figs. 10 (al- lotype female), 13 (holotype male). DIAGNOsIs: The genitalia are similar to those of urticaria, differing mainly, in the male, by having a slightly larger uncus, gnathos, and median process of the valve, and the process of the sacculus is simple and half or less the size of the corresponding structure in urticaria; the female genitalia are smaller (see Keys to Spe- cies). MALE: Similar to those of urticaria but dif- fering mainly as follows: front yellow, without dark ventral scaling; palpi yellow-brown or with mixed yellow and brown scales; upper surface of wings rather heavily and evenly cov- ered with pale lilac-brown spots; t. p. and ex- tradiscal bands tending to be more complete; discal spot of forewing present; fringes check- ered; under surface with complete t. p. and extradiscal bands, and discal dots present on all wings. Length of Forewing: 20 to 21 mm. FEMALE: Similar to male but with less brown spotting and reduced maculation on both upper and under surfaces of wings; t. p. and extradiscal bands incomplete. Length of Forewing: 18 to 20 mm. MALE GENITALIA: Uncus with apex weakly bilobed; valves with each costal arm small, curved ventrodistally, posterior margin with NO. 2659 from 12 to 16 slender, elongate setae; median process of valve with basal portion rectangular, distally with outer margin extending as elong- ate, flattened process; sacculus extending to middle of valve, strongly swollen basad of middle, ventral surface with numerous, slender setae, and with small simple process 0.1 mm. in length; aedeagus slender, slightly swollen just posteriad of middle, margins smooth, pos- terior end concave, with left point slightly longer than right one; vesica membranous. FEMALE GENITALIA: Sterigma with slender lamella postvaginalis 0.5 mm. wide, anterior margin broadly wedge-shaped, posterior margin rounded with median indentation; ductus bursae with lateral margins convex, posterior end with prominent anterolateral rim; corpus bursae with posterior end lightly sclerotized and swollen; signum 1.0 mm. in width. Apophyses posteri- ores 1.7 mm. in length. Segment 8 with moder- ate depression on each side of lamella postvaginalis, anteromedian angle with small, sclerotized, rounded projection; without post- eroventral ridges or swellings. EARLY STAGES: Unknown. Foop PLANTs: Unknown. Types: Holotype, male, and _ allotype, female, in the National Museum of Natural History (see figs. 19, 20). The genitalia of the holotype were mounted by Swett on slide barnesi no. 15, and have been examined by me. The allotype has not been dissected; the abdomen has been glued on to the thorax (and is upside down). Type LocaLity: Plumas County, California. DISTRIBUTION: Plumas and Shasta counties, California (see map 2). Two specimens have elevation data on their labels, and 3400 and 3500 ft. (1040 and 1070 m.) are given. FLIGHT PERIOD: June and July. REMARKS: Five specimens (three males, two females) and four genitalic dissections (three males, one female) have been studied. From the few specimens that are available for study, it appears that the maculation of barnesi may not be as variable as that of ur- ticaria. All males examined have a complete, relatively broad t. p. line present in the lower half of the forewings, whereas in the females this band is somewhat reduced; both sexes have 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 13 Fics. 19-26. Adults of Xanthotype. 19-22. X. barnesi Swett. 19. Holotype, male, Plumas County, Califor- nia, July 16-23 (USNM). 20. Allotype, female, Plumas County, California, July 24-30 (USNM). 21. Male, Honn Campground, California, July 1, 1975 (J. P. and K. E. Donahue; LAM). 22. Female, Meadow Valley, California, July 15, 1952 (D. F. Hardwick; CNC). 23-26. X. rufaria Swett. 23. Holotype, male, Glenwood, Florida (USNM). 24. Allotype, female, Florida (USNM). 25. Male, Carteret County, North Carolina, April 21, 1974 (J. B. Sullivan; AMNH). 26. Female, Leland, North Carolina, June 20, 1945 (O. Buchholz; AMNH). All <1.3. 14 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES prominent dark spots at the ends of the veins in the fringes. In the male genitalia, there is vari- ability in the shape of the median process of the valve, somewhat as in urticaria; the curved process of the sacculus appears to be very simi- lar in all dissections. Xanthotype rufaria Swett Figures 11, 16, 23-26, 29 Xanthotype rufaria Swett, 1918, p. 88, pl. 7, figs. 1 (male holotype), 2, 3 (male paratypes), fig. 6G (male genitalia) McDunnough, 1926, p. 120. Forbes, 1948, p. 80, figs. 104a, b (male valve, aedeagus). DIAGNOSIS: The genitalia are similar to those of urticaria, differing mainly, in the male, by the larger and more heavily sclerotized median process of the valve, by the setose sacculus, and by the serrate lateral margins of the aedeagus; the females have the posterior end of segment 8 widened, a sclerotized rim ventrally, and a much more prominent anterior depres- sion, whereas the genitalia have a broader ductus bursae. MALE: Similar to those of urticaria but dif- fering mainly as follows: upper surface of wings darker yellow, tending to have numerous small brown spots narrowly margined by or- ange-yellow scales, tending to give wings a slightly deeper and warmer tone; t. p. band complete in lower portion of forewing. Length of Forewing: 14 to 19 mm. FEMALE: Similar to male but with less brown spotting and hence appearing slightly paler in color. Length of Forewing: 15 to 25 mm. MALE GENITALIA: Uncus with apex bluntly pointed; valves with each costal arm very short, apex and posterior margin with from 15 to 20 slender, elongate setae; median process of valve elongate, basal portion more or less rec- tangular, then slightly narrowed, with apex an- gled anteriorly and ending in point; sacculus sclerotized to middle of valve, with basal half broadly swollen and covered with numerous thick setae, and with prominent curved process, 0.2 to 0.3 mm. in length, tapering to point, its posterior margin minutely setose, with setae laying almost flat on surface; aedeagus slender, with parallel sides, both margins near posterior NO. 2659 end multidentate, vesica un- armed. FEMALE GENITALIA: Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis 0.25 to 0.40 mm. wide, anterior margin strongly convex, posterior margin broadly rounded, medially truncate or shallowly concave; lamella antevaginalis with large medi- olateral, heavily sclerotized, curving flange on each side, in length longer than width of lamella, slightly curving anterolaterally, and forming part of transverse depression of seg- ment 8, with semicircular slender ridge extend- ing anteriorly and forming lip of sinus vaginalis; ductus bursae slightly longer than wide, weakly narrowed anteriorly; corpus bur- sae with posteroventral portion sclerotized and broadly swollen, in width as wide as ductus bursae; signum 0.6 to 1.0 mm. in width. Ap- ophyses posteriores 1.8 to 2.2 mm. in length. Segment 8 with deep, sclerotized, curved de- pression posteriad of lamella postvaginalis, its anteromedian surface forming flange on each side attached to lamella postvaginalis, and with posterior margin of entire segment with narrow sclerotized rim, arising ventrally on each side from curved depression and becoming thinner dorsally. EARLY STAGES: Apparently unknown (see this section under generic heading). Foop PLANTs: Apparently unknown (see this section under generic heading). Types: Holotype, male, and _ allotype, female, in the National Museum of Natural History (see figs. 23, 24). The genitalia of the holotype are mounted on slide HWC 1189, and have been examined by me. The abdomen of the allotype has been cut off near the base, but there is no label on the pin of the specimen to indicate that the genitalia were dissected. TYPE Locality: Glenwood, Volusia County, Florida. : DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mississippi to pen- insular Florida, and north along the coastal plain to North Carolina (see map 2). One speci- men (in AMNH) has been examined from Stone Mountain State Park, Wilkes and Alle- gheny counties, North Carolina; this female is from the inland, mountainous part of the state. Swett made a paratype of one male from the Fort Lee District, Bergen County, New Jersey (in AMNH); if Swett’s genitalic dissection is apex Convex, 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 15 Fics. 27-31. Female genitalia of Xanthotype. 27. X. urticaria Swett, Canton, Ohio, July 29, 1938 (E. A. Ferguson; AMNH). 28. X. barnesi Swett, Meadow Valley, California, July 15, 1952 (D. F. Hardwick; CNC). 29. X. rufaria Swett, Carteret County, North Carolina, May 14, 1971 JJ. B. Sullivan; AMNH). 30. X. sospeta (Drury), Charlotte, North Carolina (J. B. Sullivan; AMNH). 31. X. attenuaria Swett, Tupelo, Mississippi, May 20, 1965 (M. and E. Roshore; AMNH). correctly associated with the specimen, and if the moth is correctly labeled, this is the north- em most record for rufaria. However, as I have not seen any valid material from north of North Carolina, I am not accepting this record until more specimens come to hand from north- ern New Jersey. FLIGHT PERIOD: Throughout the year, even though I have not seen any January specimens as yet. J. B. Sullivan has caught rufaria in Carteret County, North Carolina, from mid- April until mid-October (based on 79 males and 10 females in AMNH). REMARKS: One hundred sixty specimens (124 males, 36 females) and 25 genitalic dissections (15 males, 10 females) have been studied. The variation in maculation is expressed mainly in the amount of brown spotting on the upper surface of the wings. In general, speci- mens caught in the summer and fall tend to be 16 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2659 Map 2. Distribution of Xanthotype barnesi Swett (triangles) and X. rufaria Swett (circles). more heavily spotted than those from the winter and early spring months. Nearly all the females examined have about the same amount or even less spotting than the lightest colored males. There is considerable individual variability in the shape of the median process of the valve; so much so, in fact, that it is difficult to find any two that are alike. Nevertheless, this struc- ture maintains a basic diagnostic shape so that it can be used for recognizing the species. There are also some differences in the posterior part of the aedeagus, as the width, shape of the apex, and amount of lateral spining are some- what variable. In the female structures, there is variation in the size and shape of the lamella postvaginalis, with no two specimens examined having this structure the same size and shape. Similarly, the signum shows a considerable range in size. Xanthotype sospeta (Drury) Figures 12, 17, 30, 32-39 Phal[aena] Noct(ua] sospeta Drury, 1773, p. 39, pl. 22, fig. 3 (holotype female). Xanthotype sospeta: McDunnough, 1926, p. 120. Forbes, 1948, p. 78, figs. 102a, b (male valve, aedeagus). Venilia sospita [sic]: Warren, 1894, p. 464. Angerona sospetaria [sic]: Guenée, 1857, p. 115. Oberthiir, 1912, p. 273 (placed as “‘race’’ of cro- cataria). Phalaena crocataria Fabricius, 1798, p. 450. Angerona crocataria: Guenée, 1857, p. 114. Xanthotype crocataria: Swett, 1918, p. 38, figs. 1G-3G (male, female genitalia). McDunnough, 1926, p. 120 (placed as synonym of sospeta). Angeronia [sic] crocaotaria [sic]: Bowles, 1871, p. 9. Angeronia [sic] crocataria: Dyar, 1894, p. 62. Therapis citrinaria Hubner, [1824], p. 26, pl. [86], figs. 499, 500 (holotype female). Angerona citronaria: Guenée, 1857, p. 114 (placed as synonym of crocataria). Xanthotype citrina: Dyar, “1902” [1903], p. 336 (error in spelling). Angerona crocataria var. caelaria Hulst, 1886, p. 208. Xanthotype crocataria [1903], p. 336. Xanthotype crocotaria [sic] caelaria: Smith, 1903, p. 79. caelaria: Dyar, 1902” 1978 Xanthotype crocataria ab. caelaria: Barnes and McDunnough, 1917, p. 120. Xanthotype caelaria: Swett, 1918, p. 42 (placed as synonym of crocataria). Xanthotype manitobensis Swett, 1918, p. 78, pl. 8, fig. 11 (holotype male), fig. 4G (male genitalia). McDunnough, 1926, p. 120. NEW SYN- ONYMY. Xanthotype sospeta manitobensis: McDunnough, 1938, p. 167. Xanthotype sospeta var. manitobensis: Forbes, 1948, p. 80. Xanthotype attenuaria marylandensis Swett, 1918, p. 86. NEW SYNONYMY. Xanthotype attenuaria race marylandensis: Forbes, 1948, p. 80. DiaGnosis: The male genitalia are dis- tinguished by the broadly swollen aedeagus, the vesica having a weakly sclerotized, rectangular area, and the very small, short, smooth process of the sacculus. In the female, the abdomen has the posterior end of segment 8 with a deep ‘depression and anterior flangelike lip on each side ventrally, and the anterior depression is small and membranous. MALE: Similar to those of urticaria but dif- fering mainly as follows: tending to be some- what larger and slightly paler in color, with fewer brown spots and with maculation often somewhat reduced on both upper and under surfaces. Length of Forewing: 17 to 23 mm. FEMALE: Similar to male, with color of wings either the same or slightly paler, and with less brown spotting and maculation on both upper and under surfaces of wings. Length of Forewing: 19 to 25 mm. MALE GENITALIA. Uncus with apex variable in shape, rounded, truncate, or weakly bilobed; valves with each costal arm elongate, 0.3 to 0.4 mm. in length, flattened medially, slightly swollen apically, apical and outer areas with from 40 to 50 prominent setae; median process of valve more or less triangular, elongate, ta- pering to flattened point; sacculus extending as sclerotized ridge to middle of valve, scarcely swollen basally, with inconspicuous setae, and with short, smooth, pointed process 0.2 to 0.5 mm. in length; aedeagus broadly swollen pos- teriorly, with width almost half of length, post- erolateral margins either smooth or with a few RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 17 small dentitions; vesica with irregularly rec- tangular sclerotized area. FEMALE GENITALIA: Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis 0.4 to 0.7 mm. wide, anterior margin weakly to strongly convex, posterior margin with sides bluntly tapering, concave medially; lamella antevaginalis in form of ridge extending anteromedially from each side of curved depression of segment 8; ductus bursae slightly wider than long, slightly narrowed an- teriorly; corpus bursae with posterior portion membranous, elongate, becoming slightly nar- rower than ductus bursae; signum 0.5 to 0.9 mm. in width. Apophyses posteriores 1.9 to 2.5 mm. in length. Segment 8 with moderate curved depression posteriad of lamella postvaginalis, its anterior margin tending to be sclerotized, and with small depression on each side posteroventrally, anterior side with promi- nent flangelike lip, posteriorly with less strongly developed ridge. EARLY STAGES: See this section under ge- neric heading. Foop PLANTS: See this section under generic heading. Adults, examined during the prepara- tion of this paper, have been reared from cater- pillars on Gladiolus (Iridaceae; CNC), Spiraea, rose (Rosaceae; CNC), Ribes (Saxifragaceae; CNC), Viburnum (Caprifoliaceae; CNC), and chrysanthemum (Compositae; EQ). Types: Of sospeta, lost. Drury’s Lepidoptera collection was sold to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.); no Lepidoptera types were identi- fied (Zimsen, 1964, p. 16). Of crocataria, lost. Fabricius described this species from a specimen in the Bosc collection; none of the Lepidoptera types from that collec- tion are known to be extant (Zimsen, 1964, pp. 17, 583). Of citrinaria, presumably lost. Of caelaria, lectotype, male, USNM 34298 (see fig. 32). This specimen was so designated by Swett (1918, p. 42) but was not labeled; I have placed a lectotype label on the specimen. The moth is in very poor condition, consisting of part of the thoracic exoskeleton on the pin, with the right wings still attached. The other pair of wings are on the pin with the labels. The head and abdomen are lost, and the geni- talia presumably have also been destroyed. Of manitobensis, holotype, male, in Na- 18 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2659 Fics. 32-39. Adults of Xanthotype sospeta (Drury). 32. Angerona crocataria var. caelaria Hulst, lectotype, male L{ong] I[sland, New York] (USNM). 33. Female, Alpine, New Jersey, June 14, 1970 (F. H. Rindge; AMNH). 34. Male, Hyattsville, Maryland, emerged September 25, 1951 (Ghika; AMNH). 35. Female, Hyattsville, Maryland, emerged September 30, 1951 (Ghika; AMNH). 36. X. manitobensis Swett, holotype, male, Aweme, Manitoba (N. Criddle; USNM). 37. Female, Long Prairie, Minnesota, July 8, 1963 (J. Schrenk; AMNH). 38. Male, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 21, 1975 (K. Bogdonas; AMNH). 39. Female, Platte Canyon, Colorado (Oslar, AMNH). All 1.3. 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 19 tional Museum of Natural History (see fig. 36). Swett mounted the genitalia on slide man- itobensis no. 12, and have been examined by me. Of marylandensis, holotype, male in Na- tional Museum of Natural History. Swett mounted the genitalia on slide marylandensis no. 2, and have been examined by me. TYPE LOcALITIES: Of sospeta, ‘‘Jamaica’’; McDunnough (1926, p. 120) was correct in stating that this was in error, as it does not refer to the Antillean island, but that the type locality might be New York. Of crocataria, Virginia. Of citrinaria, North America. Of caelaria, New York. Of manitobensis, Aweme, Manitoba. Of marylandensis, Plummer’s Is- land, Maryland. DISTRIBUTION: Across southern Canada, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to east- em Alberta. In the United States, from Maine west to Montana and northern Idaho, south in the mountains to northern Georgia, and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado (see map 3). The species occurs from sea level up to at least 7400 ft. (2250 m.) in elevation in Colorado. FLIGHT PERIOD: June and July in the north- em portion of the range and in the Rocky Mountains; from May into September in the southeastern United States. REMARKS: Three hundred ninety-two speci- men (246 males, 146 females) and 88 genitalic dissections (59 males, 29 females) have been studied. This species is not as variable in maculation as in the commoner and more widespread ur- ticaria. Specimens from the eastern portion of the range of sospeta have, on the average, less spotting and somewhat reduced maculation, as compared with urticaria; caelaria represents an individual with greatly reduced maculation. Specimens of sospeta tend to have even less maculation as the species extends westward; Map 3. Distribution of Xanthotype sospeta (Drury; circles) and X. rufaria Swett (triangles). 20 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES many moths from western Ontario and Man- itoba have only part of the t. p. line remaining on the upper surface of the forewings. Swett’s manitobensis was based on a male with this type of maculation, and it is therefore placed in the synonymy. Specimens from the Dakotas and the Rocky Mountains are larger than east- em specimens. As with the preceding species, there is con- siderable variation in the shape of the median process of the valve. There is also a considera- ble difference in the length of the curved pro- cess of the sacculus. In the majority of the specimens dissected, this process tends to be small and rather insignificant, but in others it may be up to 0.5 mm. in length. There is also some variability in the amount of spining on this process; usually there are no setae, but in specimens with an elongate process some spin- ing may be present. However, in no example that I have seen does the length and spining of this process begin to approach that of at- tenuaria. The aedeagus of these two species are of the same type, but those of sospeta have either smooth or weakly serrate posterolateral margins, whereas in attenuaria the margins are more strongly serrate. Swett based his marylandensis on specimens with relatively long and weakly spinose curved processes of the sacculus, and with weakly serrate aedeagi. This condition is found in all specimens whose dissections (11 in number, including the holo- type) I have studied from Maryland and with considerable variation from specimen to speci- men; these conditions also are found in some specimens from southern New Jersey, New York, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Nebraska. Based on all the characters, I am transferring marylandensis from attenuaria (where Swett placed it) to sospeta, and am placing it in the synonymy of the latter species. The female genitalia of sospeta tend to have a long and narrow lamella postvaginalis, al- though this is a variable character. More char- acteristic of the species is the curved depression posteriad of the lamella postvaginalis; it is rather shallow and not too well defined. On the other hand, this depression in attenuaria is deep, more heavily sclerotized, and often has a distinct posterior ridge that meets the anterior, NO. 2659 prominent flangelike lip that borders the post- eroventral depression. Dissections made from specimens from Maryland (four in number) agree with the characters of sospeta; this ver- ifies my placing marylandensis as a synonym of sospeta. Xanthotype attenuaria Swett Figures 13, 18, 31, 40-43 Xanthotype attenuaria Swett, 1918, p. 79, pl. 7, figs. 7 (male holotype), 8 (female allotype), 9 (male paratype), fig. 5G (male genitalia). McDunnough, 1926, p. 120. DIAGNOSIS: The genitalia are similar to those of sospeta, differing mainly, in the male, by the much larger and spinose process of the sacculus, and by the more dentate lateral mar- gins of the aedeagus; the females have a deeper and more sclerotized anterior depression on the ventral surface of segment 8. MALE: Similar to those of sospeta but differ- ing mainly as follows: smaller; wings slightly darker in color, tending to have more lilac- brown spots and more complete representation of t. a., t. p., and extradiscal bands on both upper and lower surfaces. Length of Forewing: 15 to 21 mm. FEMALE: Similar to male, with color of wings a paler, clearer yellow, and with less brown spotting and maculation on both upper and under surfaces of wings. Length of Forewing: 18 to 23 mm. MALE GENITALIA: Uncus with apex variable in shape, rounded, truncate, or bilobed; valves with each costal arm elongate, 0.4 to 0.5 mm. in length, flattened medially, slightly swollen apically, apical and outer areas with from 30 to 40 prominent setae; median process of valve more or less triangular, with or without medi- oposterior swelling, elongate, tapering to point; sacculus extending as sclerotized ridge to mid- dle of valve, barely swollen basally, with in- conspicuous setae, and with elongate process 0.4 to 0.7 mm. in length, covered with numer- ous, short, thick setae; aedeagus broadly swollen posteriorly, with width half of length, posterolateral margins spinose; vesica with 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 21 40 #& a ’ » me o ‘ ll % 41 Fics. 40-43. Adults of Xanthotype attenuaria Swett. 40. Holotype, male, Dallas, Texas (Boll; MCZ). 41. Allotype, female, Dallas, Texas (Boll; MCZ). 42. Male, Prairieville, Louisiana, March 6, 1974 (V. A. Brou; AMNH). 43. Female, Edgard, Louisiana, August 26, 1977 (V. A. Brou; AMNH). All X1.3. irregularly rectangular sclerotized area. FEMALE GENITALIA: Sterigma with lamella postvaginalis 0.45 to 0.70 mm. in width, ante- rior margin with ends tending to be weakly concave, medially bluntly pointed or rounded, posterior margin flatly to broadly rounded, con- cave medially; lamella antevaginalis in form of ridge extending anteroventrally from each side of curved depression of segment 8; ductus bur- sae slightly wider than long, narrowed ante- riorly; corpus bursae with posterior portion membranous, slightly narrower than ductus bur- sae; signum 0.6 to 0.9 mm. in width. Apoph- yses posteriores 2.0 to 2.3 mm. in length. Segment 8 with moderate curved depression posteriad of lamella postvaginalis, its anterior margin sclerotized, and with posteroventral por- tions of segment sclerotized, either angulate, with curved ridge on each side, or with small depression on each side, anteriorly with flangelike lip, posteriorly with broader ridge. EARLY STAGES: Apparently unknown (see this section under generic heading). Foop PLANTs: Apparently unknown (see this section under generic heading). Types: The holotype, male, and allotype, female, are MCZ 14633 (see figs. 40, 41). The genitalia of the holotype are on Swett’s slide attenuaria no. 1, and of the allotype, attenuaria no. 4; both are mounted on the same slide, and have been examined by me. TyPE LOocaLity: Dallas, Texas. DISTRIBUTION: From eastern Texas to north- em Florida, and north up the coastal plain to North Carolina (see map 3). The species extend inland up the Mississippi and Tombigbee River valleys in Mississippi, and to Atlanta, Georgia (specimens in AMNH). FLIGHT PERIOD: From March into October. REMARKS: One hundred thirty-eight speci- mens (89 males, 49 females) and 23 genitalic dissections (14 males, nine females) have been studied. Specimens caught early in the year tend to be larger and to have less spotting than those caught in the summer and fall months. The longest series I have studied from a single state is 50 males and 35 females from Louisiana; these were all caught by V. A. Dallas County, 22 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Brou, with the exception of one male by R. O. Kendall. The specimens, by month, are as fol- lows: February (1 ¢6, 0 2), March (13 6, 0 2), April (12 6, 2 2), May (4 6, 14 2), June (66,7 2), July 3 6,1 &), August (5 6,5 2), September (3 6, 3 2), October (2 3, 3 2). These figures indicate the possibility of a large spring generation, followed by a smaller summer brood or broods. As with all the preceding species there is individual variation in the shape of the median NO. 2659 process of the valve; nearly all specimens have the apex pointed. Also variable is the process of the sacculus; this structure is broader, longer, and more heavily beset with thicker setae than the comparable structure in sospeta. See the discussion under Remarks of the latter species concerning marylandensis. In the female genitalia there is variation in the width and shape of the lamella postvaginalis; it tends to be narrower in at- tenuaria than in sospeta. LIST OF SPECIES WITH THEIR KNOWN DISTRIBUTION Genus Xanthotype Warren, 1894 1. urticaria Swett, 1918 watsoni Swett, 1918 vagaria Swett, 1918 turbidaria Swett, 1918 2. barnesi Swett, 1918 rufaria Swett, 1918 4. sospeta (Drury), 1773 crocataria (Fabricius), 1798 citrinaria (Hiibner), 1824 citrina Auctorum caelaria (Hulst), 1886 manitobensis Swett, 1918 marylandensis Swett, 1918 5. attenuaria Swett, 1918 eS) LITERATURE CITED Anon. 1882. Check list of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America, north of Mexico. Brooklyn, Brooklyn Ent. Soc., iv+25 pp. Barnes, William, and J. H. McDunnough 1917. Check list of Lepidoptera of boreal Amer- ica. Decatur, Illinois, the Herald Press, viit+392 pp. Bowles, G. J. 1871. Quebec currant worms. Canadian Ent., vol. 3, pp. 7-12. Brown, F. Martin 1956. J. A. Allen’s trip to collect in Colorado, etc., in 1871. Lepidopterists’ News, vol. 10, pp. 209-212. 1972. The type locality for two moths Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains California Southeastern United States Eastern North America to the Rocky Mountains Southeastern United States (Pyralididae, Saturniidae) collected by Lt. W.L. Carpenter, U. S. A., in Colorado, 1873. Jour. Lepidopterists’ Soc., vol. 26, pp. 245-247. Bruce, David 1887. Food plants of Geometridae with other notes. Ent. Amer., vol. 3, pp. 47-50. Drury, D. 1773. Illustrations of natural history. London, vol. 2, pp. i-vii, 1-90, pl. 1-50. Dyar, Harrison G. 1894. Descriptions of certain geometrid larvae. Ent. News, vol. 5, pp. 60-64. Life histories of North American Geo- metridae.—XXIII. Psyche, vol. 9, pp. 226-227. **1902”" [1903]. A list of North American Lep- idoptera and key to literature of this order 1901. 1978 RINDGE: XANTHOTYPE 23 of insects. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., no. 52, xix+723 pp. Fabricius, Johann Christian 1798. Entomologiae Systematicae. tum. Hafniae, 572 pp. Ferguson, D. C. 1975. Host records for Lepidoptera reared in eastern North America. United States Dept. Agr., Tech. Bull., no. 1521, pp. 1-49, Forbes, William T. M. 1945. The ennomid pupa (Lepidoptera, Geo- metridae). Jour. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 53, pp. 177-210. 1948. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part II. Mem. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., no. 274, 263 pp., 255 figs. French, G. H. 1878. Economic entomology of Illinois. Part II. Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, and their larvae, or caterpillars. 7n Thomas, Cyrus, Seventh report of the state ento- mologist on the noxious and beneficial in- sects of the State of Illinois. Trans. Dept. Agr. State of Illinois... for the year 1877, vol. 15, pp. 133-274, figs. 32-48. Grossbeck, John A. 1917. Insects of Florida. IV. Lepidoptera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 37, pp. 1-147. Grote, A. R. 1882. New checklist of North American moths. New York, 74 pp. Guenée, A. 1857. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species général des lépidoptéres. Paris, vol. 9, lvi+514 pp. Gumppenberg, C. Freih. V. 1887. Systema Geometrarum zonae temperatioris septentrionalis. Erster Theil. Nova Acta Deutschen Akad. Naturf., Halle, vol. 49, pp. 233-400. Holland, W. J. 1919. The moth book. Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Page and Co., xxiv+479 pp., 263 figs., 49 pls. Hiibner, Jacob [1824-1831]. Zutrige zur Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge. Drittes Hundert, Ausburg, 40 pp., pls. [70-103], figs. 401-600. Hulst, G. D. 1886. New species and varieties of Geometridae. Ent. Amer., vol. 1, pp. 201-208. 1896. A classification of the Geometrina of Supplemen- North America, with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 23, pp. 245-368, pls. 10, 11. Lugger, Otto 1898. Butterflies and moths injurious to our fruit-producing plants. Univ. Minnesota, Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 61, pp. 55-333, figs. 1-176. McDunnough, J. 1926. Notes on the species of the genus Xanthotype (Lepid.). Canadian Ent., vol. 58, pp. 119-121. 1933. Notes on the early stages of certain noc- tuid and geometrid species. /bid., vol. 65, pp. 121-126. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America. Mem. Southern California Acad. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 1-275. Mosher, Edna 1916. A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vol. 12, pp. 17-159, pls. 19-27, figs. 1-116. Oberthiir, C. 1912. Etudes de Lépidoptérologie Comparée. Rennes, fasc. 6, 355 pp., pls. XCVII- CLX, Hj-Kbs. Packard, A. S., Jr. 1869. Guide to the study of insects. Salem, Massachusetts, Naturalist’s Book Agency, viiit 702 pp., pls. 1-8, figs. 1-651. 1876. A monograph of the geometrid moths or Phalaenidae of the United States. Jn Hay- den, F. V., Report of the United States Geological Survey of the territories. Washington, vol. 10, 607 pp., 12 pls. Peterson, A. 1962. Some eggs of moths among the Geo- metridae—Lepidoptera. Florida Ent., vol. 45, pp. 109-119, figs. 1-40. Prentice, R. M. (Compiler) 1963. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada. Publ. Can- ada Dept. Forestry, Forest Ent. Pathol. Br., no. 1013, vol. 3, pp. 283-543, figs. 164-337. Saunders, E. 1883. Insects injurious to fruits. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, J. B. Lippincott & Co., pp. 1-436, figs. 1-440. Smith, J. B. 1891. List of the Lepidoptera of boreal America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Amer. Ent. Soc., v+124 pp. 24 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO. 2659 1903. Check list of the Lepidoptera of boreal Wood, G. W. America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1951. An annotated list of Lepidopterous larvae Amer. Ent. Soc., v+136 pp. from commercial blueberry fields, Char- Swett, L. W. lotte County, N. B. Canadian Ent., vol. 1918. Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius with de- 83, pp. 241-244. scriptions of new species. The Lepidopter- Zimsen, E. ist, vol. 2, pp. 38-39, 41-44, 73-80, 1964. The type material of I. C. Fabricius. 86-90, pls. 7, 8, figs. 1G-6G. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 656 pp. Warren, W. 1894. New genera and species of Geometridae. Novitates Zool., vol. |, pp. 336-468.