Muelleria Volume 8 Number 1 April 1993 ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS MELBOURNE NATIONAL HERBARIUM OF VICTORIA Muelleria is published by the National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. It specialises in the flora of Victoria. Editor: D. B. Foreman Cover illustration: Anita Barley Muelleria is published annually. Subscription details can be obtained from: The Editor Muelleria Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne National Herbarium of Victoria Birdwood Avenue South Yarra Victoria 3141 Australia Muelleria Volume 8, Number 1 April 1993 CONTENTS Volume 8, Number 1 Page New saxicolous species of Ditremis Clements (lichenised Ascomycotina, Monoblastiaceae) from New Zealand and Hawaii — P. M. McCarthy 1 The discovery of Batrachospermalean taxa (Rhodophyta) in Australia and New Zealand — Timothy J. Entwisle 5 Hybanthus stellarioides new combination in Violaceae, a widespread species from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea — Paul I. Forster 17 Two new species of Boronia (Rutaceae) endemic in Victoria — D. E. Albrecht and N. G. Walsh 21 Gonocarpus pycnostachyus (F. Muell.) Orch. (Haloragaceae) rediscovered — A. E. Orchard 27 New records of pyrenocarpous lichens from Australia — P. M. McCarthy 31 Utricularia beaugleholei (Lentibulariaceae: Subgenus Utricularia: Section Pleiochasia), a new species from south-eastern Australia — Robert J. Gassin 37 Bacidia albidoplumbea (lichenised Ascomycotina) and its taxonomic synonyms in Tasmania — Gintaras Kantvilas 43 Dillwynia sieberi distinguished from D. juniperina (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) in south-eastern Australia — David E. Albrecht and Michael D. Crisp 47 A new species of Pultenaea (Fabaceae) in Victoria — M. G. Corrick 51 Notes on Pultenaea gunnii Benth. (Fabaceae) in Australia and description of a new subspecies from Victoria — M. G. Corrick 55 Notes on Isoetes and Tmesipteris in Victoria — R. J. Chinnock 57 A new species of Callistemon R. Br. (Myrtaceae) from east Gippsland — W. Molyneux 61 A new species of Marsilea L. (Marsileaceae) from Australia — D. F. Jones 65 The status of recently named orchids from south-eastern Australia — Mark A. Clements 69 New species of Pterostylis R. Br. (Orchidaceae) from Victoria and New South Wales — D. F. Jones and Mark A. Clements 73 New Australian species of Triglochin F. (Juncaginaceae) formerly included in T. procerum R. Br. — Helen I. Aston 85 The date of distribution of Volume 7, Number 4 was 16 April 1992 NEW SAXICOLOUS SPECIES OF DITREMIS Clements (LICHENIZED ASCOMYCOTINA, MONOBLASTIACEAE) FROM NEW ZEALAND AND HAWAII P.M. McCarthy* ABSTRACT McCarthy, P. M. New saxicolous species of Ditremis Clements (Lichenized Asco- mycotina, Monoblastiaceae) from New Zealand and Hawaii. Muelleria 8(1): 1-4 (1993). — Ditremis laevigata McCarthy sp. nov. and D. pacifca McCarthy sp. nov. are described from New Zealand and Hawaii, respectively. A key to the saxicolous species of Ditremis Clements is provided. INTRODUCTION Ditremis Clements is a small and predominantly corticolous genus of pyre- nocarpous lichens with a trentepohlioid photobiont, fissitunicate asci, colourless l(-3)-septate ascospores and an hamathecium of anastomosing pseudopara- physes. In this paper, two new saxicolous species are described from the New Zealand and Hawaii. THE SPECIES Ditremis laevigata McCarthy, sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus, continuus vel areolatus, laevigatus, pallide griseoviridis vel pallide fusco- griseus. Algae ad Trentepohliam pertinentes. Perithecia semiimmersa, (0.17-)0.24(-0.32) mm diametro. Involucrellum 30-45 pm crassum. Asci fissitunicati, 8-spori, cylindrici vel cylindro- clavati, (63-)72(-83) x (13-)14(-16) pm. Ascosporae 1-septatae, obovatae vel clavatae, ( 12-)1 6.5(-22.5) x (4.5-)6(-7) pm. Holotypus: New Zealand, South Island, Dunedin, Bethune’s Gully, 45°50'S, 1 70°33'E, on smooth siliceous rock, 4 feet above water level, Feb. 1 957, J. Murray 1619 [part (OTA; Isotypus AK 192342)]. Thallus epilithic, crustose, determinate, continuous to areolate, pale grey- green to pale brownish grey, UV— , K— , colour scarcely changing when wetted with water, matt, smooth, 0.06-0. 1 (-0. 1 4) mm thick, impregnated with rock crys- tals. Areolae 0.3-0. 6(-l) mm wide, regular or irregular, angular or rounded, plane. Algae Trentepohlia-hke, subglobose, 7— 1 4(- 1 8) x 7— 1 2(- 1 4) pm. Mycobiont cells 2-3(-4) pm wide. Prothallus not apparent. Perithecia compound, semi-immersed, very numerous, usually solitary, (0. 1 7-)0.24(-0.32) mm diam. Apex rounded. Invo- lucrellum dull black, extending almost to excipulum-base level, 30-45 um thick. Ostiole apical, in a 20-30 pm wide depression. Centrum subglobose to globose, 0. 1 5-0.23 mm diam. Excipulum pale to dark brown at the base, medium to dark brown nearer the apex, 11-16 pm thick. Pseudoparaphyses richly branched and anastomosing, septate. Periphyses absent. Asci fissitunicate, cylindrical to cylin- dro-clavate, 8-spored, (63-)72(-83) x ( 1 3-) 1 4(- 1 6) pm; contents IKI+ red-brown. Ascus wall 1 . 5-2.5 pm thick at the sides, 4. 5-6 pm thick at the apex, IKI — ; ocular chamber 1-2 pm wide, 1-2.5 pm tall, truncate or pointed. Ascospores colour- less, 1 -septate, irregularly biseriate in the ascus, obovate or clavate, distal cell usually larger, uniformly thin-walled, usually slightly constricted at the septum, (12-)16.5(-22.5) x (4.5-)6(-7) pm (64 measured); surface smooth, without an epis- pore; contents clear to finely granular. Conidiomata numerous, semi-immersed. ♦National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141. 1 2 black above, colourless below, 0.06-0.1 mm diam., with a noi;-convoluted coni- diogenous layer and unbranched conidiophores. Microconidia and macroconidia not seen. (Fig. 1A, B). Other Specimen Examined New Zealand — South Island, Otago Peninsula. Broad Bay, Styles Creek, on siliceous rocks beside stream in shady bush gully, 1 Jun. 1991, P. N. Johnson 201 (CHR 414088). Discussion Ditremis laevigata is known from two localities in south-eastern New Zealand where it inhabits damp sheltered siliceous rocks. Although microconidia were not seen in the typi, 3— 5(-6) x 2-3 pm propagules were seen in Johnson 201. The new lichen may be distinguished from the boreal D. carinthiaca (Steiner) R. C. Harris [typus: Austria, Carinthia, near Klagenfurt, J. Steiner (W-syntypi !; US-isosyntypus !)] which has 0.13-0.25 mm diam. perithecia, with a centrum of 0.09-0. 13 mm diam., 40-53 pm long asci, ascospores of 9-1 5(- 17) x 3.5— 6.5 pm and narrowly ellipsoid microconidia of 3-4.5 x U2 pm [seen only in the syn- onymous Anisomeridium dimidiatum (Fink) R. C. Harris; typus: United States of America, Connecticut, Ellsworth, 1895, H. A. Green (MICH-holotypus !)]. The newly-described D. pacifica (below) has a paler and very much thinner thallus than that of D. laevigata, larger perithecia and a discontinuously thicker involu- crellum. Fig. 1. Ditremis laevigata. A — vertical section of perithecium. B — ascospores. Ditremis pacifica. rk vertical sectlon of perithecium. D — ascospores. Scales: A and C — 0 2 mm- B and u — 20 pm. 3 Ditremis pacifica McCarthy, sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus, continuus vel rimosus, pallide viridogriseus. Algae ad Trentepohliam perti- nentes. Perithecia fere superficialia, (0.24-)0.35(-0.44) mm diametro. Involucrellum 45-65 pm crassum. Asci fissitunicati, 8-spori, elongatae-cylindrici, (68-)75(-83) x ( 1 1 -) 1 4(- 1 7) pm Ascosporae 1-septatae, obovatae vel elongatae-ellipsoideae, (15-)18.5(-21.5) x (4.5-)6(-8) pm. Microconidia lata ellipsoidea vel obovata, 3— 5(-6) x 1.5-2.5(-3) pm. Holotypus: United States of America, Hawaiian Is., Oahu, Mokuleia, gulch NW of Peacock Flats, on shaded boulders in and near stream-bed, alt. 1200 feet, on siliceous rocks, 5 Mar. 1966, O. & I Degener 3038 Id (B 049768). Thallus epilithic, crustose, diffuse to determinate, continuous to rimose, pale greenish grey, U V — , K — , colour scarcely changing when wetted with water, matt, smooth, 30-60 pm thick, impregnated with rock crystals. Algae TrentepohliaAike, subglobose, 7-15x7-12 pm. Mycobiont cells 2-3 pm wide. Prothallus not appar- ent. Perithecia compound, 1/3-immersed to superficial, very numerous, usually solitary, (0.24-)0.35(-0.44) mm diam. Apex rounded to somewhat flattened. Invo- lucrellum dull black, extending almost to excipulum-base level, 45-65 pm thick, brown-black in thin section. Ostiole apical, in a 60-120 pm wide depression. Centrum subglobose to globose, 0.16-0.25 mm diam. Excipulum pale brown at the base, darkening towards the apex, 11-16 pm thick. Pseudoparaphyses richly branched and anastomosing, septate, 0.7-1 pm wide. Periphyses absent. Asci fissitumcate, elongate-cylindrical, 8-spored, (68-)75(-83) x ( 1 1 -) 1 4(- 1 7) pm; contents IKI+ red-brown. Ascus wall 1.5-2.5(-3) pm thick at the sides, 4-6 pm thick at the apex, IKI — ; ocular chamber c. 3 um wide, 1-1.5 pm tall, hemispheri- cal or truncate. Ascospores colourless, 1 -septate, irregularly biseriate in the ascus, obovate or elongate-ellipsoid, distal cell frequently larger, uniformly thin-walled, usually slightly constricted at the septum, (1 5-)l 8.5(-2 1.5) x (4.5-)6(-8) pm (50 measured); surface smooth, without an epispore; contents clear. Conidiomata numerous, semi-immersed to almost superficial, black and hemispherical to sub- conical above, colourless below, 0.09-0.13 mm diam., with a non-convoluted conidiogenous layer and unbranched conidiophores. Microconidia broadly ellip- soid to obovate, 3— 5(-6) x 1 .5— 2.5(-3) pm. Macroconidia not seen. (Fig. 1C,D). Discussion Ditremis pacifica is characterized by a thin pale thallus, perithecia are larger than those of other known saxicolous Ditremis, 1 -septate ascospores and ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid microconidia. It is known only from its Hawaiian type locality. It is rather close to D. laevigata, from which it may be separated by its thinner and paler thallus, larger perithecia and thicker involucrellum. Key to the Saxicolous species of Ditremis 1 Ascospores persistently 1 -septate 2 1 Ascospores 1-3-septate ”” ” " .5 2 Thallus endolithic, calcicolous. Perithecia immersed to emergent. Asci 105— 125 x 15-18 pm. Ascospores 20-25 x 6. 5-8. 5 pm. Microconidia 3-5 x 1-1 5 pm. Puerto Rico and Florida (Harris 1990) D. finkii R. C. Harris 2 Thallus epilithic, silicolous. Asci less than 85 pm long 3 3 Asci 40-53 x 10-15 um. Ascospores 9— 1 5(- 1 7) x 3.5-6 pm. Perithecia (0. 13-)0. 19(-0.25) mm diam.; centrum 0.09-0.13 mm diam. Austria, Sweden north-eastern U. S. A.. (Clauzade & Roux 1985, Harris 1975) ’ D. carinthiaca (Steiner) R. C. Harris [syn. Anisomeridium dimidiatum (Fink) R. C. Harris] 3 Asci 63-83 x 11-17 pm. Ascospores 12-22.5x4.5-8 pm. Perithecia 0. 1 7-0 44 mm diam.; centrum 0.15-0.23 mm diam 4 4 4 Thallus 60-140 jim thick, pale grey. Perithecia (0. 17-)0.24(-0.32) mm diam.; involucrellum 30-45 pm thick. New Zealand D. laevigata McCarthy 4 Thallus 30-60 pm thick, pale grey-green to pale brown-grey. Perithecia (0.24-)0.35(-0.44) mm diam.; involucrellum 45-65 pm thick. Hawaiian Is. D. pacifica McCarthy 5 Ascospores 1-3-septate, 16-22 x 6.5-8 pm. Microconidia narrowly elliptical, 4-5 x 1.5-2 pm. North-eastern U. S. A.. (Harris 1975) D. distans (Willey) R. C. Harris 5 Ascospores 3-septate, 21-36.5 x 7.5-13 pm. Microconidia bacilliform, 2.5-4 x 0.7 pm. New South Wales (McCarthy 1992) D. australiensis McCarthy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr P. N. Johnson (Dunedin) and the directors/curators of the following herbaria for the loan of specimens: AK, B, MICH, OTA, US, W. REFERENCES Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. (1985) Likenoj de okcidenta Europo: ilustrita determinlibro. Bull. Soc. Bot. Centre-Ouest, n. s., numero special 7: 1-893. Harris, R. C. (1975). A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Arthopyrenia Massal., s. lat. (Ascomycetes) in North America. (Ph.D. Dissertation: Michigan State University.) Harris, R. C. (1990). Some Florida Lichens. (Bronx: privately published.) McCarthy, P. M. (1992) Ditremis australiensis McCarthy, sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycotina, Monoblastiaceae) from New South Wales. Australian Systematic Botany 5: 125-127. Manuscript received 21 January 1992. THE DISCOVERY OF BATRACHOSPERMALEAN TAXA (RHODOPHYTA) IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND Timothy J. Entwisle* ABSTRACT Entwisle, Timothy J. The discovery of Batrachospermalean taxa (Rhodophyta) in Australia and New Zealand. Muelleria 8 ( 1 ): 5-16 ( 1993 ). — The discovery in Australia and New Zealand of species in the freshwater red-algal order Batra- chospermales is chronicled. From 1802 to 1930, almost all taxa discovered were included within European species: names were provided by European specialists or taken from European floras. From 1930 to 1972, the Latvian phycologist Hein- richs Skuja devised 17 new names for Australian and New Zealand taxa, but published only three of these before his death in 1972. Recent decades have seen a return to a more conservative approach, perhaps concealing the richness of the flora. INTRODUCTION Since European settlement in Australia and New Zealand, aquatic habitats have been devastated by frenzied deforestation and land improvement, coupled with an unquenchable thirst for drinking-water and hydroelectricity. The fresh- water red algae — in particular the Batrachospermales — generally favour pris- tine waters, and have declined in abundance and probably in diversity. Despite sporadic collecting over nearly two centuries, the richness and endemism of the freshwater red algal flora in Australia and New Zealand remains uncertain. While accumulating material for a monograph of the Batrachospermales in Australia and New Zealand, I have encountered many names which are either unpublished, ambiguous or synonyms of earlier names. Many of these names are better understood in their historical context. In the following account, I have combined information from unpublished correspondence, herbarium vouchers and published works. Ducker (1990) provides a excellent introduction to the history of marine phycology in Australia, and her paper should be consulted for further information on Robert Brown, Ronald Gunn, William Harvey, Joseph Hooker, Arthur Lucas, Florence Perrin and William Woolls. Authorities for the species names mentioned can be found in the index and herbarium abbreviations follow Holmgren et al. (1981). 1800-1864: INCIDENTAL ENCOUNTERS In 1805, Robert Brown (1773-1858) returned to England with three charo- phytes and one Batrachospermum the only freshwater algae in his Australian booty. The Batrachospermum , later numbered 187 in the Inter Australiense series, languished for 130 years in the British Museum of Natural History before being examined and identified. Based on its eventual determination (see p. 7), Brown probably collected the alga from the Sydney region. The first published report of Batrachospermum from Australia was based on specimens collected in Tasmania by Charles Stuart (1802-77), and appeared in Plantae Muellerianae (Sonder 1853) under the name of Batrachospermum mon- iliforme. Tasmania remained the focus of phycological interest in Australia, with William Harvey (1811-66) collating all known collections of Batrachospermum from that isle (Harvey 1 860, 1 863). Ronald C. Gunn ( 1 808-8 1 ), ‘the first resident *National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Ave, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141 5 6 Australian botanist’ (Ducker 1 990), found a Batrachospermum at Launceston in 1844, later identified by Harvey as B. atrum. In 1855, surgeon-naturalist David Lyall (1817-95) discovered B. vagum and Harvey himself made a further collec- tion of B. moniliforme. (All but the Stuart collection are held in Australian herbaria: HO, MEL and NSW.) Elsewhere in Australia, most colonialists were obliterating all aquatic habitat on auriferous earth. Sonder ( 1 880) included in his list of Australian algae only one additional Batrachospermalean record, Lemanea australasica. This name was based on an overmature population of Batrachospermum from Paramatta River, Sydney, collected by Rev. William Woolls (1814-93). The collection (held at MEL) is undated but was possibly collected before Woolls’s (1867) Contribution to the Flora of Australia, where he described the algae of the Paramatta River at some length. In 1850, five years before he found B. vagum in Tasmania, David Lyall col- lected the first Batrachospermum from New Zealand. Joseph D. Hooker (181 7— 1911) recorded this collection from the Canterbury Plains as B. moniliforme (Hooker 1855). Also in the nineteenth century, the British phycologist Mary P. Merrifield ( 1 804-89; nee Watkins) gave the name B. atrum to an undated, unsited collection from Zealand (BM). In 1857, British clergyman and cryptogamist, Miles J. Berkeley (1803-89), writing in England, remarked that B. vagum from New Zealand was ‘not distinguishable from specimens gathered on Snowdon [in Wales]’ (Berkeley 1857, p. 138). 1865-1929: LOCAL INTEREST In the latter part of the nineteenth century. New Zealand and Australia both spawned naturalists with at least a passing interest in freshwater algae. In Australia, the amateur microscopist Henry Watts (1828-89) included two species of Batrachospermum in his 1865 list of freshwater algae from Victoria. Batrachospermum pulcherrimum and B. vagum were names undoubtedly taken from Hassall’s (1845) History of the British Freshwater Algae (Entwisle 1990). Watts includes only B. moniliforme in his revised list of 1887, commenting that ‘the nomenclature of Algae has changed so much since [the 1865 list] that this previous list is now obsolete’ (Watts 1887, p. 136). Watts had since gained access to the European specialists Friedrich T. Kiitzing and C. F. Otto Nordstedt — through the assistance of Ferdinand von Mueller at MEL — and to two new publications on freshwater algae by Cooke (1882-4) and Wood (1872). Appar- ently, Sirodot’s (1 884) definitive monograph of Batrachospermum in Europe had not reached Australian shores. In New Zealand, William L. Lindsay (1829-80) reported on the freshwater algae following a visit there in 1861-2 (Lindsay 1867), but for the Batrachosper- males, he only reiterated Berkeley’s note of a decade earlier. William I. Spencer (1832-97) published the only new records of Batrachospermum (Spencer 1882) until well into the 1 930s. Spencer, an ex-soldier and physician, worked within the same constraints as Henry Watts (e.g. History of British Freshwater Algae was his primary source) but without the patronage of European specialists. Even the same suite of names was used: Batrachospermum moniliforme, B. pulcherrimum and B. vagum. An unidentifiable Batrachospermum collected by A. Hamilton from Horokiwi River (NW of Wellington) was briefly characterized (Spencer 1882). While New Zealand went through a 50 year hiatus, collecting continued in Australia. Around the turn of the century, Queensland was ably served by the well-loved and hard-working Colonial Botanist, Frederick M. Bailey ( 1 827— 1915). Bailey co-ordinated the efforts of team of local collectors, farming off the algal collections to European specialists, then translating and interpreting their subsequent publications in the Botany Bulletin of the Queensland Department of Agriculture (e.g. Bailey 1893, 1895). 7 Martin A.J. Mobius (1859-1946) in Germany examined three collections of Batrachospermum (Mobius 1892, 1895), two by T.L. Bancroft, the other by F. Pigram. The Bancroft collection from Stradbroke Island included only male plants and could not be given a species name, but his collection from Burpengary was identified as B. vagum var. flagelliforme. Pigram’s alga was included in B. dillenii, but differed from European material of this species (Mobius 1895; Skuja 1970a). Mobius (1895) also mentioned a collection of B. dillenii from Carolinia Creek (= Cardinia Creek), Victoria, by Charles French (1840-1933). This 1887 collection (MEL, UPS) was considered by Mobius to be more like European B. dillenii, but was later (Skuja in sched., c. 1933) identified as belonging to the closely related genus Sirodotia, described by Harald Kylin in 1912. Bailey (1913) summarized the Queensland records in his important Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants. Arthur H.S. Lucas ( 1 853-1936) opened the account for the twentieth century in 1905, with a collection of Batrachospermum from the head of Middle Harbour in Sydney. This may have been where Brown collected 100 years earlier — the collections of Brown and Lucas were later given the same manuscript name (see below). In his 1909 presidential address to the Linnaean Society of New South Wales, Lucas recounted Harvey’s Tasmanian records, adding the record from Middle Harbour — as Batrachospermum sp. from the eastern coast — and B. moniliforme from the southern mainland coast. The record of B. moniliforme was presumably that of Alfred D. Hardy (1870-1958), a keen naturalist with a fresh- water algal bent (see Entwisle 1990), who found this species at Sydenham, 20 km NE of Melbourne (Hardy 1906). In 1918, Lucas made a further unidentifiable collection of Batrachospermum, from Dargens Creek, near Clarence in the Blue Mountains (HO, NSW, UPS). In Tasmania, Leonard Rodway (1853-1936) made four mixed collections of Batrachospermum from mountain streams and lakes between 1910 and 1915 (HO, NSW), naming them either B. moniliforme or B. dillenii. Over a'decade later, Florence Perrin (1884-1952; nee Dawson) made the next Tasmanian collections, finding two unidentified species in the Cradle Mountain area in 1928 (HO, NSW). The Australian booty was now a respectable size. Batrachospermum was obviously not uncommon in Australian streams and included at least a handful of species. A few European names had been slapped around and that, as far as the locals were concerned, was that. In New Zealand, a few of the same taxa had been found, but there was little interest in collecting. 1930-1972: THE SKUJA YEARS This complacency was soon shattered. The pre-war decade marked the start of a spectacular renaissance in collecting of Batrachospermum (particularly in New Zealand), blossoming with the entrance of Heinrichs Skuja onto the Aus- tralian and New Zealand stages. Australia, 1930-1934: Professor Heinrichs Skuja (1892-1972) spent much of his life preparing materials for a world monograph of Batrachospermum. In the early 1930s, Skuja was working his way through the herbaria of Europe while soliciting Batrachos- permum material from around the world. Lucas apparently sent duplicates to Skuja in Latvia. In 1931, Skuja annotated his 1913 specimen from Middle Harbour with the manuscript name B. ulandrium. Four years later he gave the same name to Robert Brown’s 1802-1805 collection in the British Museum of Natural History. The determination of Lucas’s Middle Harbour collection from 1 905 as B. capillaceum is undated, but presumably occurred during Skuja’s Lat- vian period. Lucas sent his Clarence material (collected in 1 9 1 8) to Latvia in 1934, where Skuja, although determining the herbarium sheets as B. dillenii, allied it 8 with a Falkland Island alga with the manuscript name of B. nothogeae (see Ent- wisle 1992). Skuja also annotated a 1915 collection from Middle Harbour as B. dillenii. In 1934, Skuja sent out the 4th, 5th and 6th parts of his Untersuchungen iiber die Rhodophyceen des Sufiwassers from the University of Latvia. Part five announced the discovery of Nothocladus Skuja, a new genus allied to Batrachos- permum and Sirodotia. Nothocladus nodosus was typified by a Watts collection from the Yarra River, Victoria, made in the early 1880s (Skuja gives the year of collection as 1 884, but Kiitzing examined the alga prior to February 1 882). Skuja found that a duplicate sent to Berlin (B) was in better condition than material in MEL. At Kew (K), Skuja relocated material of B. vagum collected by David Lyall from Cataract River, Launceston, in 1855. Skuja (1934) described this alga as a second species of Nothocladus, N. tasmanicus. New Zealand, 1936— 1972i In 1936 (or early 1937), Robert M. Laing (1865-1941), a keen and dis- tinguished amateur phycologist living in Christchurch, sent Skuja a bundle of Batrachospermalean collections from New Zealand (Table 1). Most of the collec- tions were provided by Lucy M. Cranwell (later L.M. Smith), who combed the northern end of the North Island between 1931-1935. Laing also included material collected by himself, by Elizabeth A. Flint and the 1850 collection by David Lyall. Skuja (1937) replied with the exciting news of six Batrachospermum taxa, four of them new to him (Table 1); B.fruticans was a taxon known to Skuja from the ‘Antarctic region’. David Lyall’s ‘B. moniliforme' from the Canterbury Plain included two new species, both of which were among the collections by Cranwell from the North Island. Batrachospermum novae-zelandiae and B. gallaei var. longipilum were particularly common in the Auckland-Bay of Islands area.These names all appeared in Laing’s 1939 list of New Zealand seaweeds. Skuja fled Latvia on the eve of the Russian occupation in 1944, taking little more than his microscope in an open boat across the Baltic Sea. In the same year, the 7th to 1 2th parts of his Untersuchungen iiber die Rhodophyceen des Sufiwassers were published in the final volume of Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis [Latvia], Skuja reached Uppsala, Sweden, where he was to spend the rest of his life (Willen 1 979). Part eight of his last Latvian publication concerned a new species of Notho- cladus from New Zealand and a comparison between the genera Nothocladus and Tuomeya. (In part 7, Skuja described an endophytic red alga in Nothocladus which he called Balbiania meiospora.) Nothocladus lindaueri was based on two 1940 collections from Waitangi River, near Russell, part of the exsiccatae of Victor W. Lindauer (1888-1964; see Cassie 1971 for bibliographic details). Another speci- men from Lindauer’s exsiccatae was given the manuscript name Batrachosper- mum gallaei var. longipilum. Clearly, Skuja believed the Batrachospermalean flora of Australia and New Zealand to be quite distinct from that of Europe. Few other Batrachospermalean algae were discovered in New Zealand in the 1940s and early 1950s. Eileen Willa found some in Fern Gully Creek on Stewart Island in 1945-48. While in New Zealand for three months in 1950, Mary A. Pocock ( 1 886- 1977), from Rhodes University, South Africa, collected Batrachos- permum from near Invercargill with F. Malcolm Corkill. She sent Skuja a small, dried specimen collected from snail shells (Table 1). (In later years, Skuja was eager to examine more epihelicidaeous material, but none was found; Corkill 1969, Flint 1969.) V.J. Chapman et all's (1957) list of freshwater algae included records from Laing (1939) and Spencer (1882), with some updates to nomencla- ture, an additional collection of Sirodotia suecica by Professor Chapman made in 1955, and two Lindauer exsiccatae ( Nothocladus lindaueri and B. gallaei var. longipilum, both from the Bay of Islands area). Alan Hirsch, from Ann Arbor in Michigan, USA, collected widely in New Zealand during 1957, forwarding five samples to Skuja (Table 1). Skuja recog- 9 Table 1. Batrachospermaceae collections from New Zealand sent to H. Skuja Collector and date No. of Brief Names of Batrachospermum sent to Skuja 1 colls Locality and Sirodotia taxa provided by H. Skuja, and date sent 1 - 2 (Laing 1936) (Skuja 1937) D. Lyall 1 Canterbury Plains B. novae-zelandiae, B. campyloclonum R. M. Laing 2 Kaipoura & Christchurch B. gallaei var. longipilum, S. suecica L. M. Cranwell 8 Bay of Islands & Auckland B. dillenii, B. gallaei areas var. longipilum , B. novae-zelandiae , B. campyloclonum. E. A. Flint 5 Cass, Milford Sound & S. fennica, B. atrichum. Inchbonnie B. fruticans, B. campyloclonum (Pocock 1950) (Skuja 1950) M. A. Pocock & J.M. Corkill 1 Stewart Island B. virgato-decaisneanum (Hirsch 1957) (Skuja 1957) A. Hirsch 5 Waitakaruru & Tawhiti S. ateleia var. australis, Streams & Cam River B. novae-zelandiae , B. aff. ectocarpoideum (Flint 1961b) (Skuja 1961) H. D. Gordon 4 Wellington area ?var. australe B. anatinum C. J. Burrows 3 Esk River & Maruia Springs B. campyloclonum N. Leov 1 Cleddau River B. campyloclonum E. Flint 3 Cass area B. campyloclonum R. Mason 1 Waihopuhopu Creek S. delicatula (Flint 1963) (Skuja 1963) K. Wise 1 Auckland Island B. gallaei var: longipilum E. C. M. Segar 2 Torbay Falls & Ngarotonga B. pullum, B. faciferum. B. Valley gallaei var. longipilum. Valley B. sp. nov. (sect. Contorta) (Flint 1964a) (Skuja 1964) E. Flint 3 Lake Roundabout 5. fennica (Flint 1965) (Skuja 1965) E. Willa 10 18 3 Stewart Island B. lamprogyne, B. campyloclonum M. Parsons Wellington & Nelson B. campyloclonum V. Stout 3 Westport B. sp. nov. (Waimea Creek), S. suecica var. australis (Flint 1969) (Skuja 1970b, 1970c) M. Taylor 6 Oamaru area B. microspermum, B. gallaei var. longipilum , 5. ateleia (Flint 1972) E. .1. Cudby 1 Lake Rotoaira No reply 4 F. Hill 1 5 5 Waikato River lakes V. Stout 3 Milford Track M. Taylor 5 Oamaru area F. Michaelis 3 Nelson area 1 The author and date of the accompanying letters are given in brackets. Lindauer’s exsiccatae is not included here. 2 Bold type indicates the first record of a new taxon, roman type indicates a new record for New Zealand of an existing name, and italics are used for subsequent records of all taxa. Note that if there is more than one sample in a particular batch of a new taxon or record, the presumed earliest collected is in bold type. 3 Also including species of Asterocytis, Bostrychia, Hildenbrandia and Rhodochorton. 4 Skuja was unable to examine this last batch and died soon after its arrival. 5 Also including species of Audouinella, Bostrychia and Compsopogon. 10 nized two new taxa in these collections (one allied to the North American species B. ectocarpoideum), and more of his B. novae-zelandiae (Table 1 ). This marked the beginning of an extremely productive period in the discovery of the Batrachos- permales in New Zealand. In 1 960, Elizabeth Flint took on the role as Skuja’s New Zealand correspondent. Flint left Christchurch in the 1930s to study under F.E. Fritsch at Queen Mary College in Fondon, followed by a decade of teaching and further research in England. Since her return to New Zealand in 1955, Flint had worked with the DSIR at Christchurch on the taxonomy and ecology of soil and lake microalgae. Flint replied to an enquiry by Skuja about Batrachospermum holdings in New Zealand herbaria with a list from the Auckland Museum supplied by Robert Cooper (Flint 1 96 1 a). Meanwhile, Willa had written to Flint promising to collect more Batrachospermum from Stewart Island (Willa 1960, 1961). By mid 1961, Flint had accumulated eleven formalin preserved samples and one dried sheet, the first of six batches she sent to Uppsala (Table 1). Skuja was eager to examine collections from the southern hemisphere, and no wonder. Nearly every batch included previously unknown species, as well as new records for New Zealand (Table 1). Flint provided Skuja with as much habitat infor- mation as possible and generally kept him aware of activities in New Zealand. For example, when Skuja identified material from Fake Roundabout, c. 80 km SW of Cass, as Sirodotia fennica (Skuja 1964), Flint responded with the informataion that the original site at Cass was now much modified and S. fennica was no longer to be found there (Flint 1964b). Another phycologist impressed with the diversity of Batrachospermales in New Zealand was the idiosyncratic North American, Fewis H. Flint. In 1963, F.H. Flint annotated specimens in Findauer’s herbarium held at the University of Auckland (AKU). Much of the material was collected from the Bay of Islands area by Findauer, but E. Willa also contributed material from Stewart Island. L.H. Flint identified the following species: Batrachospermum androgyne, B. campy lo- clonum, B. gallaei, B. gallaei var. longipilum, B. islandrinum, B. novae-zelandiae, Nothocladus lindaueri, Sirodotia gardneri and A. suecica. Most of these names (some misspelt by F.H. Flint) were devised by Skuja for New Zealand endemics (Table 1), but S. gardneri is a North American species and B. gallaei had been reported world-wide. In the same year, James Fox Wilson donated his herbarium to BM, including an undated specimen of B. atrum from New Zealand. To attract new collectors, Elizabeth Flint advertised for freshwater red algal material in the New Zealand Limnological Society Newsletter of 1968. She received a favourable return, particularly the steady flow of material from C. Frank Hill, botanist to the New Zealand Department of Electricity in Hamilton (Hill 1969). In March 1972, Flint bundled up 27 samples in her last batch of of freshwater red algae and mailed them to Skuja (Table 1). Australia, 1945-1972: Australia’s inland waters received little attention in the 1940s, but Professor Skuja still had some input. In 1945, H.B. S.. Womersley collected material from Mt Compass, South Australia, which was given the manuscript name Sirodotia ambigua by Skuja. Cecil B. Kay (?of the State Electricity Commission of Victoria) collected Nothocladus nodosus from Cardinia Creek, near Melbourne, in 1947 (Ducker, pers. comm.; MELU), a sample of which was sent to Skuja for confir- mation. Around 1950, A. D. Hardy found Batrachospermum moniliforme in a few of the creeks and reservoir outflows near Melbourne (Hardy 1931-56). Hardy also reported the North American genus Tuomeya from Silver Creek, but this was presumably a misidentification of one of the common Batrachospermum or Nothocladus species found in the Yarra River basin (Entwisle 1989a). In New South Wales, Batrachospermum was reported to be common in the Blue Moun- tains and in National Park near Sydney (McFuckie & McKee 1954). 11 Just after Christmas 1960, David H. Ashton, a plant ecologist at the Univer- sity of Melbourne, collected an intriguing alga from the Arthur Range in south- west Tasmania. It was identified as Lemanea sp. by his colleague Sophie C. Ducker and remarkably (for such a fascinating record of this genus) filed and forgotten in the University of Melbourne Herbarium (MELU). It has been included recently in an endemic Australian genus allied to Lemanea (see following page). ... In 1965, Valerie May summarized the state of knowledge in Australia, listing Harvey’s three Batrachospermum species and the two new Nothocladus species in her census and key to the red algae of Australia (May 1965). Batrachospermum was still being collected, but the same few names were being used. As her census was being published, Valerie May found an alga in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, which she identified as B. atrum. In 1966, V.H. Jolly & M.A. Chapman reported an unnamed species from Coxs River, New South Wales. Further north, Alan B. Cribb included Batrachospermum as part of his extensive freshwater algal collecting in Queensland. Between 1962 and 1986, Cribb made some 30 collec- tions of Batrachospermaceae, all but one from Queensland (the other from Tasmania), and mostly identified as Batrachospermum sp. (BRI). A few other Queenslanders were inspired to collect for Cribb during this period. As in New Zealand, the 1960s marked a revival in interest in the Batrachos- permales. In 1966, Peter A. Tyler of the University of Tasmania collected Batra- chospermum from the pristine streams and lakes of southern Tasmania. In 1968, Tyler, a specialist in the taxonomy of microalgae, sent his Batrachospermum col- lections to Skuja. Skuja excitedly reported back that Tyler had rediscovered B. nothogeae, in material from Lake Pedder (see Entwisle 1992). Skuja also ident- ified B. vagum and B. gallaei var. longipilum in Tyler’s collections, noting that Mobius’s (1895) record of B. dillenii from Queensland was neither B. dillenii nor his own B. gallaei var. longipilum. It was Batrachospermum nothogeae that excited Skuja. Tyler tried unsuccess- fully to collect more of this taxon later in that year (from the nearby Lake Maria complex), in 1969 (from North Lake in the Mt Picton area) and in 1970 (from a creek flowing into Lake Pedder). All collections were referable to Skuja’s B. gallaei var. longipilum — interesting but not captivating! Finally, at the insistence of Skuja, Tyler sent the remainder of his original 1966 collection to Uppsala in March, 1972 (Entwisle 1992). Coincidentally, it was in the same month that Elizabeth Flint in New Zealand mailed off her last batch to Skuja. Epitaph: Neither Tyler in Australia nor Flint in New Zealand heard further from Skuja. In 1 970, he suffered a stroke from which he never fully recovered, and died on the nineteenth of July, 1 972 (Thomasson 1 974). At the same time in Tasmania, ‘waters impounded behind a dam built by the Hydro Electric Commission of Tasmania. . .merged with those of Lake Pedder’, leading to the submergence and destruction of ‘one of the most beautiful, if not the most beautiful lake in Australia’ (Bayly & Williams 1973). Tyler’s collection from the beach of Lake Pedder became irreplaceable. 1973-1992: AFTER THE FLOOD Part of Lake Pedder’s precious algal cargo at least has been resurrected. The 1972 samples of Flint and Tyler, still in their packaging, were sent from UPS to MEL in 1981. Last year, the centenary of Skuja’s birth, B. diatyches was described for an apparently uncommon Batrachospermum from Tasmanian mountain lakes (Entwisle 1992). In the twenty years since Skuja’s death, some progress has been made in the discovery and classification of the Batrachospermales in Australia. Of note is the 12 establishment Psilosiphon scoparium, a new genus and species of Lemaneaceae. In 1 984, Adrienne Harding and Brian Gunning, plant physiologists at the Australian National University, discovered this Lemanea-hke plant at Barren Grounds, c. 100 km SSW of Sydney. The Tasmanian ‘ Lemanea ’ collected by D.H. Ashton in 1960 also belongs to this species (Entwisle 1989b). An introductory account of the freshwater red algae of south-eastern Aus- tralia was published in 1984 (Entwisle & Kraft 1984), followed by some further refinement to their classification in 1989 (Entwisle 1989a). Names included in these two publications and not previously reported from Australia were: Batra- chospennum ectocarpum (as B. boryanum in 1989), B. helminthoideum (as B. gelatinosum in 1989), B. keratophytum and B. virgato-decaisneaum. In the same period, a few more or less incidental records were published, but no new names used (e.g. Chessman 1982, Cribb 1987, Ling & Tyler 1986). A number of nomen- clatural changes resulted from Necchi & Entwisle’s (1990) subsumption of all species of Nothocladus, Sirodotia and the North American Tuomeya into the genus Batrachospermum. In New Zealand, the death of Skuja marked the end of a brief but fruitful (in collecting terms at least) revival. Aside from a brief note recounting the loss, and rediscovery in 1964 of Sirodotia fennica near Cass (Flint \911,fide Cassie 1984), Flint’s 1966 paper is the most recent record of Batrachospermales included in Vivienne Cassie’s (1984) Revised Checklist of the Freshwater Algae of New Zealand. The distinctiveness or otherwise of the Australian and New Zealand Batra- chospermalean flora is under review. My own approach in the 1980s was to accommodate as far as possible the southern hemisphere taxa within existing European species. This seemed a practical solution when faced with the uncertain application of existing names, coupled with widely varying species concepts (due primarily to a lack of understanding of phenotypic variability). Skuja obviously followed a different path, circumscribing his taxa far more narrowly. Now, with access to a wide range of Australian and New Zealand material, as well as to northern hemisphere types and other vouchers, a more considered approach should be possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Dr Elizabeth Flint (DSIR, Christchurch) for her considerable help in accumulating and locating information on New Zealand Batrachospermales, and to Dr Sophie Ducker (University of Melbourne) for her generous assistance with Australian records. Drs Flint and Ducker are also thanked for their critical comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Dr Flint and Dr Peter Tyler (Uni- versity of Tasmania) kindly gave me access to their correspondence. Thanks also to Dr Torbjorn Willen (Uppsala University) for access to the unpublished notes of Heinrichs Skuja. The staff of AD, AKU, BRI, CANB, NSW, HO and WELT kindly provided loans of specimens (unfortunately, specimens from CHR were unavailable at the time of writing). Dr Valerie May (Herbarium of New South Wales) searched (unsuccessfully) for Skuja correspondence in NSW, and Dr Edgars Vimba (Latvian State University) was unable to find any correspondence or notes pertaining to Skuja. REFERENCES Bailey, F. M. (1893). Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Queensland Freshwater Algae’ fOd Dep. agric. Bull. No. 20 (Bot. Bull. No. 6): Brisbane.] ' Bailey, F. M. (1895). ‘Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Queensland Freshwater Algae’ lOd Dep. agric. (Bot. Bull. No. 11): Brisbane.) Bailey, F M (1913). ‘Comprehensive Catalogue of Queensland Plants, both Indigenous and Natu- ralised. 2nd Ed’. (A. J. Cumming, Qd Gov.: Brisbane.) 13 Bayly, I. A. E. & Williams, W. D. (1973). inland Waters and their Ecology’. (Longman: Camberwell, Australia.) Berkeley, M. J. (1857). introduction to Crytogamic Botany’. (H. Bailliere, London.) Cassie, V. (1971). Contributions of Victor Lindauer (1888-1 964) to New Zealand phycology. J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 1: 89-98. Cassie, V. ( 1 984). ‘Revised Checklist of the Freshwater Algae of New Zealand (Excluding Diatoms and Charophytes). Part IF. (Water and Soil Publication No. 26, National Water and Soil Conser- vation Organization: Wellington.) Chapman, V. J., Thompson, R. FI. & Segar, E. C. M. (1957). Check list of the fresh-water algae of New Zealand. Trans. R. Soc. New Zealand 84: 695-747. Chessman, B. C. (1982). ‘Latrobe Valley Water Resources Biological Studies, Vol. 3. Algal and Func- tional Ecology’. (Latrobe Valley Water and Sewerage Board: Traralgon.) Compere, P. ( 1 99 1 ). Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on some taxa of the genus Batrachospermum (Rhodophyceae). Belg. J. Bot. 124: 21-26. Cooke, M. C. ( 1 882—4). ‘British Fresh-water Algae. 2 vols’ (Williams & Norgate, Edinburgh.) Corkill, J. M. (1969). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 16.vi.1969. Cribb, A. B. (1987). Some freshwater algae from the Jardine River area. Queensland Nat. 28: 69-71. Ducker, S.C. ( 1 990). History of Australian marine phycology. In ‘Biology of Marine Plants’, Clayton, M.N. & King, R.J., eds: 415-430. (Longman Cheshire: Melbourne.) Entwisle, T. J. (1989a). Macroalgae in the Yarra River basin: flora and distribution. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 101: 1-76. Entwisle, T. J. (1989b). Psilosiphon scoparium gen. et sp. nov. (Lemaneaceae), a new red alga from south-eastern Australian streams. Phycologia 28: 469-475. Entwisle, T. J. (1990). The lean legacy of freshwater phycology in Victoria. In ‘Development of Sys- tematic Botany in Australasia. Proceedings of the Botanical History Symposium’, Short, P. S. ed.: 239-246. (Australian Systematic Botany Society: Melbourne.) Entwisle, T. J. ( 1 992). 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Presidential address, including revised list of Fucoideae and Florideae of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.. 34: 1-61. McLuckie, J. & McKee, H. S. (1954). ‘Australian and New Zealand Botany’. (Horwitz-Grahame: Sydney.) 14 May, V. ( 1 965). A census and key to the species of Rhodophyceae (Red Algae) recorded from Australia Contr. N.S. W.. Nat. Herb. 3: 349-429. Mobius, M. (1892). Australische Siisswasseralgen. Flora. Jena 75: 421-450. Mobius, M. (1895). Australische Siisswasseralgen. II. Abh. senckenb. naturforsch. Ges. 18: 309-350, pi. 1-2. Necchi, O. Jr & Entwisle, T. J. (1990). A reappraisal of generic and subgeneric classification in the Batrachospermaceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 29: 478-488. Pocock, M. A. (1950). In litt. to H. Skuja, University of Uppsala, fide Corkill (1969). Sirodot, S. (1884). 'Les Batrachospermes Organisation Fonctions, Developpement, Classification’. (Libraire de l’Academie de Medicine: Paris.) Skuja, H. (1934). Untersuchungen Uber die Rhodophyceen des Siisswassers. 5. Nothocladus ein neue Gattung der Batrachospermaceen. Beih. bot. Zbl. 52B: 179-188. Skuja, H. (1937). In litt. to R. M. Laing, Christchurch, 3 1 .iii. 1 937. Skuja, H. (1944). Untersuchungen Uber die Rhodophyceen des Siisswassers. 8. Nothocladus lindaueri nov. sp. nebst einigen Beimerkungen fiber die Gattungen Nothocladus Skuja and Tuomeya Harvey. Act. Horti. bot. Univ. Latv. 14: 1 1-27, pi. 2-4. Skuja. H. (1950). In litt. to M.A. Pocock, fide Corkill (1969). Skuja, H. (1957). Unpublished note, University of Uppsala [undated but circumstantial evidence suggests 1957 or 1958], Skuja, H. (1961). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 27.vii.1961. Skuja, H. (1963). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 21. iii. 1963. Skuja, H. (1964). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 1 7.iii. 1 964. Skuja, H. (1965). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 8.ix. 1965. Skuja. H. (1970a). In litt. to P. Tyler, University of Tasmania, 19. ii. 1970. Skuja, H. (1970b). Unpublished note, University of Uppsala. Skuja, H. (1970c). In litt. to F. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 6.iii. 1 970. Sonder, O. G. (1853). Plantae Muellerianae, Algae. Linnaea 25: 657-709. Sonder, O. G. ( 1 880). Algae Australianae hactenus cognitae. In 'Fragmenta Phytographie Australiae, I. Suppl. ad Vol. IT, Mueller, F.: 1-42 (Government Printer: Melbourne.) Spencer, W. I. (1882). Notes on fresh-water algae. Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst. 15: 302-304, pi. 26, 27. Stearn, W. T. (1973). 'Botanical Latin. 2nd Ed’. (Fitzhenry & Whiteside: Ontario ) Thomasson, K. (1974). Prof. Heinrichs Skuja (1892-1972). Revue algol., N.S. 9: 3-7. Watts, H. (1865). On the freshwater algae of Victoria. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 6: 67-68. Watts, H. (1887). Some recent additions to our knowledge of microscopic natural history. Victorian Nat. 3: 133-137. Willa, E. (1960). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 28.xii.1960. Willa, E. (1961). In litt. to E. A. Flint, University of Canterbury, 23.vii.1961. Willen, T. (1979). Heinrichs Skuja and his work. Acta Bot. fenn. 1 10: 5-10. Wood, H. C. (1872). A contribution to the history of fresh-water algae. Smithson. Contr. Knowl. 19: viii-262, pi. 1-21. Woolls W. R. (1867). ‘A Contribution to the Flora of Australia’. (F. White: Sydney). INDEX TO NAMES OF ALGAE MENTIONED IN TEXT Only nomenclatural and published taxonomic synonyms are given (abbreviations follow Stearn 1983, p. 367-72); a full taxonomic synonymy based on examination of types (where available) will be included in the forthcoming monograph. The conclusions of Compere (1991) are accepted here. Asterocytis = Chroodactylon 9 Audouinella 9 Balbiania meiospora Skuja 8 Batrachospermum anatinum Sirodot 9 B. anatinum ?var. australe Skuja ined. 9 B. androgyne Skuja [L.H. Flint in sched.] = ?orthographic error for B. lamprogyne ‘ 10 B. atrichum Skuja ined. 9 B. atrum (Hudson) Harvey 6,9,1 1 B. boryanum Sirodot ’..12 B. campyloclonum Skuja ined. 9,10 B. capillaceum Skuja ined. ’.7 B. diatyches Entwisle 1 1 B. dillenii (Bory) Bory = B. atrum 7.8^9, 1 1 B. ectocarpoideum Skuja ex L.H. Flint 2 10 B. aff. ectocarpoideum (“5. pulchrum Sirodot-arcuatum Kylin group”) 9 B. ectocarpum Sirodot = B. stagnate (Bory) Hassall 12 B. faciferum Skuja ined. 9 B. fruticans Skuja ined. 8,9 B. gallaei Sirodot = B. atrum 10 B. gallaei var. longipilum Skuja ined. = B. atrum 8,9,10,1 1 B. gelatinosum (Linnaeus) de Candolle 1 2 B. helminthoideum (Sirodot) Mori = B. gelatinosum 12 15 B. islandrinum Skuja [L.H. Flint in sched.] = ?orthographic error for B. ulandrium B. keratophytum Bory B. lamprogyne Skuja ined. B. microspermum Skuja ined. B. moniliforme Roth = B. gelatinosum B. nothogeae Skuja ined. (Blue Mountains) = B. atrum B. nothogeae Skuja ined. (Lake Pedder) = B. diatyches B. novae-zelandiae Skuja ined B. pulcherrimum (Bory) Hassall B. pullum Skuja ined. B. sp. nov. (sect. Contorta ) B. sp. nov. (Waimea Creek) B. ulandrium Skuja ined B. vagum (Roth) C.Agardh = B. turfosum Bory B. vagum sensu Harvey = B. nodosum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle B. vagum var. flagelliforme Sirodot = B. vogesiacum F.G. Schultz ex Skuja B. virgato-decaisneanum Sirodot Bostrychia Compsopogon Hildenbrandia Lemanea sp. = Psilosiphon scoparium Lemanea auslralasica Sonder nom. nud. = Batrachospermum sp Nothocladus lindaueri Skuja = B. lindaueri (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle N. nodosus Skuja = B. nodosum N. tasmanicus Skuja = B. nodosum Psilosiphon scoparium Entwisle Rhodochorton Sirodotia ambigua Skuja ined. Sirodotia ateleia Skuja = B. delicatulum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle S. ateleia var. australis Skuja ined. S. fennica Skuja = B. suecicum (Skuja) Necchi & Entwisle S. delicatula Skuja = B. delicatulum S. gardneri Skuja ex L.H. Flint S. suecica Skuja - B. suecicum S', suecica var. australis Skuja ined. Tuomeya 10 12 9 9 5,6,7,8,10 8 .8,9,10 6 9 9 9 7 .... 6,11 6,8 7 .... 9,12 9 9 9 .. 1 1,12 6 .... 8,10 .... 8,10 8 12 9 10 9 9 9,10,12 9 10 ..8,9,10 9 ... 10,12 1 Although the latter name appears in Skuja’s manuscripts two years after Flint’s herbarium deter- minations. 2 In an unpublished note at the University of Uppsala, Skuja annotates a drawing of B. ectocarpoi- deum with ’IB. boryanum x B. moniliforme’ . The drawing is based on a specimen sent to Skuja by L.H. Flint on 30.xi.1948. INDEX TO NAMES OF PEOPLE MENTIONED IN TEXT Ashton, D.H Bailey, F.M Bancroft, T.L Berkeley, M.J Brown, R Burrows, C.J Cassie Cooper, V. Chapman, M.A. .. Chapman, V.J Cooper, R Corkill, J.M Cribb, A.B Cudby, E.J Cranwell, L.M Dawson, F Ducker, S.C Entwisle, T.J Flint, E.A Flint, L.H Gordon, H.D Gunn, R.C Gunning, B Harding, A Hardy, A.D 11,12 6,7 7 6 5,7 9 8,12 1 1 8 10 8,9 1 1,12 9 8,9 7 5,6,10,11 6,7,8,10,11,12 ....8,9.10,1 1,12 10 9 5 12 12 7,10 16 Harvey, W Hill, F Hirsch, A Hooker, J.D Jolly, V.H Kay, C.B Kiitzing, F T Laing, R.M Leov, N Lindauer. V.W Lindsay, W.L Lucas, A.H. S Lyall, D McLuckie, J McKee, H.S Mason, R May, V Merrifield, M.P Michaelis, F Mobius, M.A. J Nordstedt, C.F. O.. Parsons, M Perrin, F Pigram, F Pocock, M.A Rodway, L Segar, E.C. M Skuja, H Smith, L.M Sonder, O.G Spencer, W.I Stout, V Stuart, C Taylor, M Tyler, P.A Watkins, M.P Watts, H \\ ilia. E Wise, K Wilson, J.F Womersley, H.B. S. Wool Is, W" 5,6,7,11 9,10 8,9 5,6 11 10 6,8 8,9 9 8,9,10 6 5,7 6,8,9 10 10 9 1 1 6 9 7,11 6 9 5,7 7 8,9 7 9 5,7,8,9,10,11,12 8 5,6 6,8 9 5,6 9 1 1,12 6 6,8 8,9,10 9 10 10 5,6 Manuscript accepted 7 April 1992 HYBANTHUS STELLARIOIDES NEW COMBINATION (VIOLACEAE), A WIDESPREAD SPECIES FROM EASTERN AUSTRALIA AND PAPUA NEW GUINEA Paul I. Forster* ABSTRACT Forster, Paul I. Hybanthus stellarioides new combination (Violaceae), a wide- spread species from Eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Muelleria 8(1): 17-19 (1993). — Hybanthus stellarioides is newly recognised at specific rank, based on H. enneaspermus var. stellarioides Domin. It is widespread in coastal and subcoastal areas of eastern Australia in New South Wales and Queensland and has been recorded once from southern Papua New Guinea. INTRODUCTION A taxonomic revision of the genus Hybanthus Jacquin in Australia was pre- sented by Bennett (1972), and adapted with little change for a ‘Flora of Australia’ treatment by George (1982). In both of these accounts, H. enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. is considered to comprise two subspecies, with subsp. enneaspermus widely distributed in subtropical and tropical Australia, Malesia, Asia and Africa whereas the subsp. stellarioides (Domin) E. Bennett is endemic to eastern Aus- tralia. Bennett (1972) separates the two subspecies with the following key: “ 1 . Stipules long (up to 4 mm). Margins of leaf closely revolute, usually glabrous, but if pubescent then hairs spreading. Flowers blue subsp. enneaspermus 1. Stipules short (±1 mm). Margins recurved, leaves up to 5 mm .wide, hairs always antrorse. Flowers yellow subsp. stellarioides” H. enneaspermus subsp. stellarioides is based on H. enneaspermus var. stel- larioides Domin, described from a plant collected by Domin at Yarraba near Cairns in north Queensland. To some extent, the recognition and rank of taxa of plants remain subjective. Some taxonomists now recognise ‘species’ on as little as single-character discon- tinuity, whereas others prefer three or more. Where subspecies are recognised, there should be allopatry of the taxa concerned. In the case of the two subspecies of H. enneaspermus, there are four reliable discontinuities in morphological characters, namely the key characters of Bennett (1972). Although both Bennett (1972) and George (1982) map the two subspecies and provide a verbal description of distribution, no information is given as to the ecological preferences of the taxa or as to whether or not they occur as allopatric entities and whether or not they intergrade. By and large H. enneaspermus subsp. enneaspermus and H. enneaspermus subsp. stellarioides are sympatric, although generally allotypic throughout the area of eastern Australia where both occur. H. enneaspermus subsp. enneaspermus is commonly found in coastal areas often near the sea, although it is also common in rocky areas in eucalypt dominated communities in subcoastal areas and over much of northern tropical Australia. By comparison, H. enneaspermus subsp. stellarioides is common in sandy areas in eucalypt dominated communities from coastal to subcoastal areas. It is rare to see the two taxa growing together; however, I have seen and collected both in close proximity in the Embley Range area in Cook District, Mt Aberdeen in North Kennedy District and the Didcot area in Wide Bay District. No intermediates occur in the areas where the taxa coexist. *Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia 4068. 17 18 Given the lack of intermediates and the relatively high number of morpho- logical discontinuities between the two, it is concluded that both taxa should be recognised at specific level and the relevant change of status for H. stellarioides is made. TAXONOMY Hybanthus stellarioides (Domin) P. Forster comb, et stat. nov. Basionym: Hybanthus enneaspermus var. stellarioides Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 983 (1928);//. enneaspermus subsp. stellarioides (Domin) E. Bennett, Nuytsia 1 : 229 (1972). Typus: Queensland, Cook District, in rupibus collis apud. opp. Yarraba, Jan. 1910, K. Domin 6794 (Holotypus: PR n.v.). Illustration: K.A.W. Williams, Native PI. Queensl. 1:161 (1979). Annual herb to 30 cm high. Stems with scattered to sparse, antrorse to divar- icate simple trichomes. Leaves alternate, subsessile; lamina linear, linear-lanceo- late or elliptic-ovate, 12-80 mm long, 2-8 mm wide, discolorous, entire or with occasional marginal tooth; venation obscure, with scattered to sparse trichomes; margins recurved, never revolute. Stipules linear, 0.8-1 mm long; venation obscure. Flowers solitary in leaf axils; peduncle filiform, 3-13 mm long, glabrous or with scattered indumentum; bracts triangular, 0.6-1 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide; pedicels 2-4.5 mm long, with scattered to sparse indumentum. Sepals lanceolate- ovate, 2. 5-4. 5 mm long, 0.8- 1.2 mm wide, glabrous or with scattered trichomes. Corolla orange; anterior petal spathulate, 10-14 mm long, 5-9.5 mm wide; outer lateral petals linear-oblong, 3-4.2 mm long, 1.3-1. 5 mm wide; inner lateral petals lanceolate-falcate, 4-5 mm long, 1.8-2 mm wide. Filaments filiform, dimor- phous, 3 posterior ones short, 2 anterior ones ± equal in length to anthers and with hair- tipped nectaries; anthers elliptic-oblong, 0.7-0.8 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide. Capsule 5. 5-7. 5 mm long, 3-6 mm diameter; seeds 5-10, ovoid-ellipsoid, 1.8-2. 2 mm long, 1.2- 1.4 mm diameter, usually longitudinally ribbed and ± pit- ted between the ribs, yellow. Distribution and Conservation Status Widespread in subcoastal and coastal eastern Australia, from central New South Wales more or less continuously in subcoastal and coastal eastern Australia northward to near Cairns. There are a few apparently disjunct collections on Cape York Peninsula and one collection from southern Papua New Guinea. The species is very common and not rare or threatened. Habitat H. stellarioides grows in sandy or rocky soils of various types in eucalypt- dominated open forests from near sea level up to 500 m altitude. Flowering plants are most noticeable in late summer and autumn, with seeding occurring from autumn onwards. In most instances the plants appear annual, as opposed to H. enneaspermus which appears to be at least biennial. Representative Specimens (66 specimens examined) Papua New Guinea — Western Province, Penzara between Morehead and Wassi Kussa Rivers, Dec. 1936, L.J. Brass 8434 (BRI). Queensland — Cook District, Iron Range, 11 June 1948, L.J. Brass 19128 (BRI); Northern base Round Mt, Embley Range, 13 June 1992, P.I. Forster 10458 & T. Kenning (BRI); Turtle Beach Lizard Island, 7 Oct. 1 988, G.N. Batianoff 10341 (BRI). North Kennedy District, Mt Aberdeen National Park 29 May 1992, P.I. Forster 10005 et at. (BRI); “Taravale” near Hell Hole Creek, 22 Mar. 1987, B.R. Jackes 8711 (BRI). South Kennedy District, Horseshoe Bay, Keswick Island, 36 km NE of Mackav 26 Mar 1 989, G.N. Batianoff 1 1099 (BRI); Peak Downs Highway, 1 7 km W of Moranbah turnoff, 26 Mar. 1989, 1. Champion 436 (BRI). Leichhardt District, Salvator Rosa National Park, 28 Mar. 1983, M.E. Ballingall 999 (BRI); Blackdown Tableland, c. 32 km SE of Blackwater (campsite on Mimosa Creek) 24 Apr. 1971, R.J. Henderson 816 et al. (BRI). Port Curtis District, Dry Creek close to Forestry Bar- racks, Kroombit Tops, 64 km SW of Calliope, 16 Dec. 1983, P.R. Sharpe 3461 (BRI); State Forest 365, 6.5 km SSE of Yarwun, 14 Apr. 1989, N. Gibson TOI535 (BRI). Burnett District, Mt Margaret, State Forest 28, 28 Apr. 1990, P.I. Forster 6724 (BRI); 1 km N of Little Morrow Creek crossing, Eidsvold to Cracow road, 9 Apr. 1992, P.I. Forster 9736 & P. Machin (BRI). Wide Bay District, Clifton Range, State Forest 676, 1 1 km N of Brooweena, 3 Apr. 1992, P.I. Forster 9699 (BRI); Didcot Creek, “Nora Creina”, Didcot, 1 Dec. 1981, P.I. Forster 302B (BRI). Moreton District, 2 km N ofCoolum Beach, 27 Dec. 1975, P.R. Sharpe 1890 (BRI)-, MtGravatt University Site, Brisbane, 12Feb. 1968, R. Henderson HI 78 (BRI). New South Wales — Eastern spur of Mt Clunie, MacPherson Range, 5 Apr. 1953, R. Melville 3615 & T. Hunt (BRI). REFERENCES Bennett, E.M. (1972). A revision of the Australian species of Hybanthus Jacquin (Violaceae). Nuytsia 1: 218-241. George, A.S. (1982). Hybanthus. In George, A.S., Exec. Ed., ‘FI. Australia’, 8: 100-109. (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.) Manuscript received 23 April 1992 ' ' TWO NEW SPECIES OF BORONIA (RUTACEAE) ENDEMIC IN VICTORIA D.E. Albrecht and N.G. Walsh* ABSTRACT Albrecht, D.E. and Walsh, N.G. Two new species of Boronia (Rutaceae) endemic in Victoria. Muelleria 8(1): 21-25 (1993). — Two new species of Boronia {B. cit- rata and B. galbraithiae) endemic in eastern Victoria, are described and illus- trated. Their ecology, distribution and conservation status and relationships with other species are discussed. INTRODUCTION In this paper we describe two new endemic species of Boronia for Victoria. They are not recent field discoveries but have been segregated as a result of more thorough study of specimens previosly referred to B. muelleri (Benth.) Cheel and B. citriodora Cunn. ex Hook, at the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL). Both new species appear to belong to the B. pilosa Labill. group sensu Weston et al. (1984). The terminology used to describe inflorescence structures follows Briggs and Johnson (1979). TAXONOMY Boronia citrata N.G. Walsh sp. nov. a Boronia citriodorae foliolorum hispidulis, obtusis parvioribus, stylo brevioribus, ovario tomentoso; a B. pilosae petiolis longiorum, foliolorum obtusis, indumento denso aequaliter, petalis et sepalis non-acuminatis, et aromatis citreis valde differt. Holotypus: Victoria, Eastern Highlands, 6.4 km E of Licola, Victorian Plant Grid S35, A.C. Beauglehole 43385 with E.A. Chesterfield and J.H. Willis, 21 Oct. 1973 (MEL 542677). Pungently lemon-scented shrub, to 0.8 (rarely to c. 1.5) m high. Branchlets terete or weakly 4-angled, not obviously glandular, moderately to densely hispi- dulous with hairs 0. 1-0.2 mm long. Leaves imparipinnate, to 15 mm long and wide, with hairs resembling those of branchlets but slightly sparser; petioles 1.5- 3.5 mm long, swollen apically; rachis segments resembling petiole; leaflets 5-11, spreading, narrowly obovate, obtuse, 2-7 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, terminal leaflet shortest, concolorous, veins obscure; margins rounded, entire or slightly and irregularly indented. Inflorescence terminal or in upper axils, 1-5 flowered; ped- uncle 0-5 mm long, hispidulous; prophylls of primary axis paired, linear, 1-2 mm long; anthopodia 3-7 mm long, hispidulous, broadening shortly below the calyx. Sepals triangular, 1-1.6 mm long, 1 — 1.5 mm wide, minutely hispidulous. Petals pale to rosy pink, mostly darker apically and abaxially, 4-6.5 mm long, 2-3 mm wide; surfaces minutely and densely papillate, with very short, fine, erect hairs superimposed. Staminal filaments 1.5-2 mm long, alternating longer and shorter, glandular-tuberculate, pilose, swollen apically; anther connective 0.2-0. 3 mm long; anthers c. 0.5 mm long, lacking terminal appendage. Disc swollen, maroon, 1 .5-2.5 mm diam., glabrous. Ovary hispidulous; style 0.25-0.4 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pilose just below the rounded, slightly broader stigma. Fruiting cocci *National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Ave, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141. 21 22 flattened-ovoid or ellipsoid, 3-3.5 mm long, hispidulous; seeds dark brown, shining, 2-3 mm long. (Fig. 1 a-c) Etymology From the Latin citratus meaning lemon-like, alluding to the aromatic foliage of the species. Despite the proximity of this name to B. citriodora, the lemon scent in both species is such an apparent attribute that the similarity of names is warranted. Confusion of ‘field abbreviations’ of the species names is unlikely as they are endemic in different states. Other Specimens Examined Victoria — from type locality: 20 Oct. 1973, J.H. Willis s.n. (MEL 503637); 15 Jul. 1973, EA Chesterfields, n. (MEL 516720); 21 Feb. 1989, J. Westaway 617 (MEL 694529); 28 Apr. 1992, D.E. Albrecht 4967 with N.G. Walsh (MEL); Subalpine moors near Mt Macdonald. 21 Mar 1973’ E A Chesterfield s. n. (MEL 1608227). ' ’ Distribution and Conservation Status Known from 2 areas in the Macalister River catchment in areas to the north and east of Licola. One site containing about 5 distinct populations (including the Type), ranging over about 1 km is within the Alpine National Park (Wonnangatta- Moroka Unit). The other site, near Mt MacDonald (about 4 populations spanning about 0.5 km), is within uncommitted crown land, but at sites unlikely to experi- ence altered land management and are considered not at risk. Within most of the populations plants of B. citrata are plentiful. The area covered by the populations at each of the two sites is about 3-5 ha (E.A. Chesterfield, pers. comm.). Another population was reported to occur by the late W.R. Cane of Maffra, apparently near to the Mt MacDonald site (E.A. Chesterfield pers. comm.), but this population has not been confirmed by any living botanist and details of its location are sketchy. The Risk Code (sensu Briggs & Leigh, 1989) for B. citrata is assessed as Habitat and Ecology Boronia citrata occurs on shallow, shaly soils based on Carboniferous and Ordovician sandstones at altitudes of about 950-1140 m. At the type locality Eucalyptus sieberi and a mallee form of E. dives form a low open-forest with understorey species including Epacris impressa, Daviesia buxifolia, Comesperma ericinum, Monotocascoparia, Oxylobium ellipticum, Tetratheca labillardieri, Dill- wynia phylicoides and Hibbertia obtusifolia. Near Mt MacDonald B. citrata occurs in similar vegetation, but with Eucalyptus mannifera and E. dives being the prin- cipal canopy species, and Acacia obliquinervia and Pultenaea muelleri prominent components of the shrub stratum (along with most of the shrub species present at the type locality). Notes Boronia citrata has in the past been confused with Tasmanian B. citriodora. This is understandable as both have foliage which is strongly lemon-scented when crushed. However B. citrata differs from B. citriodora in its leaflets which are obtuse at the apex, hispidulous and smaller (those of B. citriodora being acute or apiculate, glabrescent and the largest leaflets >8 mm long); in its shorter style (c. 1mm long in B. citriodora ); in the hispidulous ovary and fruit (glabrous in B. citriodora)', and in the terete or weakly angled and evenly hispidulous branchlets (rather strongly 4-angled with alternating glabrescent and hispidulous faces in B. citriodora). The two differ further in their habitats. Although both inhabit subal- pine sites, those from which B. citrata is known are dry, with skeletal soils derived from sandstones whereas B. citriodora typically inhabits wettish peaty sites usually developed on quartzite or dolerite substrates. 23 Fig. 1 . Boronia citrata. a — flowering twig, x 1 . b — leaf and stem, x6. c — fruiting cocci, x6. All drawn from Albrecht 4967 (MEL). Boronia galbraithiae. d — flowering twig, x 1 . e — part of leaf and stem, x3 and (inset) leaflet margin. All drawn from Albrecht 1965 (MEL). 24 Boronia citrata resembles some forms of the widespread B. pilosa which occurs in South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania, but is readily separable from that variable species in the longer petioles (<1.5 mm long in B. pilosa ); in the obtuse leaflets (acute in B. pilosa, except in a glabrous form from far western Victoria and probably south-eastern South Australia); in the shape of the sepals and petals (acuminate and apiculate respectively in B. pilosa)-, in the dense even tomentum (hairs typically scattered and of unequal lengths in B. pilosa)-, and in the distinctive lemon foliar fragrance. Boronia galbraithiae D.E. Albrecht sp. nov. Boronia muelleri affinis foliolorum brevioribus, oblanceolatis vel obovatis, serrulatis valde, et odore feniculi differt; B. microphylla similis sed ramulis glabris anguste alatis, foliolorum serrulatis et antheris non-apiculatis differt. Typus: Victoria, Eastern Highlands, S of Cobbannah, 26 Sept. 1984, A.C. Beauglehole 77328 ; Holotypus: MEL 669258; Isotypi: MEL 669259, CBG, NSW, HO, CHR). Pleasantly fennel-scented shrub to 2 m high. Branchlets glabrous, 4-angled, with glandular-tuberculate decurrent leaf bases forming flanges along the inter- nodes, becoming sub-terete with age. Leaves imparipinnate, to 25 mm long, glabrous; petioles 3.5-8 mm long, glandular-tuberculate, channelled above; rachis to 25 mm long, segments similar to but slightly shorter than the petioles; leaflets (3-)5— 1 5(- 1 7), oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, obtuse to subacute, apiculate, 2-9.5 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, terminal leaflet shortest, lower surface paler, gland dots ± obscure; margins plane, glandular-serrulate, the teeth verrucose. Inflor- escence axillary, (l-)3-5(c. 1 5)-flowered; peduncle 5-12 mm long, 4-angled, glan- dular-tuberculate, glabrous; prophylls of primary axis entire to pinnate (and resembling the leaves), to 7 mm long, glabrous; anthopodia 2.5-7 mm long, broad- ening towards the calyx, glabrous. Sepals ovate-triangular, glabrous, 1-2 mm long, 1-1.4 mm wide. Petals white to deep pink, 4.5-7. 7 mm long, 2. 5-5. 8 mm wide, minutely pubescent to glabrous adaxially, glabrous abaxially, not persistent in fruit. Staminal filaments 1.5-3 mm long, alternating longer and shorter, glandu- lar-tuberculate, pilose, swollen apically; anther connective 0.2-0. 3 mm long; anthers 0.5-0. 7 mm long, terminal appendage absent. Disc 1.6-2. 1 mm diameter, glabrous. Gynoecium glabrous; style 0.3-0. 4 mm long; stigma rounded, about as wide as the style. Fruiting cocci flattened ovoid, c.4 mm long, glabrous; seeds almost black, shiny, 2-2.3 mm long. (Fig. 1 d-e) Etymology The species is named in honour of Miss Jean Galbraith, doyenne of Victorian botanists, who first brought our attention to the distinctness of this taxon, and whose collections and writings have contributed much to our knowledge of flora of the Gippsland region. Other Specimens Examined Victoria — from type locality — Oct. 1956, J. Galbraith s.n. (renumbered as A.C. Beauglehole 7099); 14 Oct. 1956,/. Mathew s.n.; 29 Sept. 1985, D.E. Albrecht 1965 (MEL 1585677, 1585703); 27 Apr. 1992, D.E. Albrecht 4968 with N.G. Walsh (MEL). Distribution and Conservation Status Boronia galbraithiae is only known from uncommitted crown land in the vicinity of Mt Difficulty, where it is it patchily distributed for about two kilo- metres along the Insolvent Track. Although the population occupies a small area plants of B. galbraithiae are locally plentiful. Applying the coding system of Briggs & Leigh (1989) B. galbraithiae is assigned a risk code of 2Ri. 25 Habitat and Ecology Boronia galbraithiae occurs in dry sclerophyll forest on skeletal spurs and upper slopes between about 420 and 540 m altitude. The soil is shallow and derived from Ordovician sediments. Associated species include Eucalyptus sieberi, Persoonia confertiflora , Platysace lanceolata, Dillwynia phylicoides, Chionochloa pallida and Poa sp. aff. gunnii. Part of the population of B. galbraithiae was recently burnt by a low intensity fire. Within this area plants were observed to be resprouting from rootstocks and some seedling recuitment was also evident. Notes Specimens of Boronia galbraithiae have previously been referred to B. muel- leri, a species of scattered distribution between the Victorian Otways and far south-eastern New South Wales. However, B. galbraithiae differs from B. muelleri in its consistently shorter leaflets (the longest leaflets <10 mm long, cf. >10 mm long in B. muelleri), that are oblanceolate to narrowly obovate (narrowly ellipic in B. muelleri except for one specimen from the Genoa Gorge in far eastern Victoria with oblanceolate leaflets), distinctly serrulate (entire or slightly serrulate in B. muelleri) and have a aroma resembling fennel when bruised. Furthermore, the young stems of B. galbraithiae are invariably glabrous compared to glabrous to sparsely hairy in B. muelleri , and plants of B. galbraithiae rarely reach 2 m high (and are typically below 60 cm) whereas plants of B. muelleri range in height from about 1-7 m. The two species also differ in their habitat preferences. B. galbrai- thiae occurs in dry sclerophyll forest on skeletal spurs and upper slopes, whilst B. muelleri occurs in moister and often more sheltered sites in riparian and damp sclerophyll forests, Banksia woodland and wet heathland. Boronia galbraithiae also superficially resembles the eastern New South Wales and Queensland B. microphylla Sieb. ex Spreng., but differs from that species in its glabrous stems that have conspicuous flanges along the internodes (those of B. microphylla being bristly when young and lacking flanges); in its glandular-serrulate leaflets (entire in B. microphylla)-, and in its non-apiculate anthers (minutely apiculate in B microphylla). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Jean Galbraith (Tyers, Victoria) whose enquiry led to the realization that the two species were undescribed, to Evan Chesterfield (Depart- ment of Conservation & Natural Resources, Victoria) who discovered B. citrata and supplied detailed ecological information about the species, John Eichler (Black Rock, Victoria) and James Turner (Kalimna West, Victoria) for infor- mation regarding the populations of the new species, to Allen Trumbull-Ward, Geoff Beilby and John Davies (Department of Conservation & Environment, Victoria) for collections of and information regarding B. muelleri, and to our colleague Anita Barley for illustrating the new species. REFERENCES Briggs, B.G. & Johnson, L.A.S.. (1979). Evolution in the Myrtaceae — evidence from inflorescence structure, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 102: 157-256. Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. (1989). 'Rare or Threatened Australian Plants’. (Special Publication 14, Aust. Natl Parks and Wildlife Serv.: Canberra.) Weston, P.H., Carolin, R.C. & Armstrong, J.A. (1984). A cladistic analysis of Boronia Sm. and Boronella Baill. (Rutaceae), Aust. J. Bot., 32: 187-203. Manuscript recieved 1 June 1992 ■ ' ■ GONOCARPUS PYCNOSTACHYUS (F. Muell.) Orch. (HALORAGACEAE) REDISCOVERED A.E. Orchard* ABSTRACT Orchard, A.E., Gonocarpus pycnostachyus (F. Muell.) Orch. (Haloragaceae) redis- covered. Muelleria 8(1): 27-29 (1993). — An ephemeral herb, Gonocarpus pyc- nostachyus, previously known only from its Type, collected near Israelite Bay on the south coast of Western Australia in 1888, has been rediscovered near Mt Heywood and Mt Merivale, north-east of Esperance. An expanded description is provided, the ecology of the species discussed, and its relationships with other species outlined. INTRODUCTION Gonocarpus pycnostachyus was described by Ferdinand Mueller ( 1 888) from a plant collected by Miss S. Brooke ‘near Israelite Bay’ in Western Australia. The original specimen was lodged in the Melbourne herbarium, with a duplicate being sent to Berlin, where it was examined by Schindler in preparing his monograph of the family (Schindler 1905). The Berlin duplicate was subsequently destroyed during World War II. Subsequent workers (Blackall & Grieve 1965; Orchard 1975; Orchard 1990) have therefore been obliged to base their descriptions of species on just a single specimen, as no further material had come to light in the century following its original collection. While the Type consisted of adequate material to permit a full description, the fact that no additional material was available hampered efforts to elucidate its relationships and distribution. The possibility always existed that this was nothing more than an extreme form of the related taxa from the same general area. The conservation status of the species was also problematical. Briggs & Leigh (1989) rated it as IK [=Known only from Type; Poorly Known] in their list of rare or threatened Australian plants. In the early summer of 1991 a bushfire burned a roughly north-south swathe through shrubland to the north-east of Mt Heywood, 85 km north-east of Esper- ance. This area was visited by Mr William R. Archer of Mt Merivale in late December 1991. He found a species of Gonocarpus colonising the newly-burnt area in large numbers. This species has now been confirmed as being G. pycnos- tachyus, and a suite of collections are lodged in herbaria in Hobart, Perth and Melbourne (HO, PERTH, MEL). These collections provide an insight into the ecology of the species, as well as an indication of variability. G. pycnostachyus appears to be a pioneer species, annual or at most a short-lived perennial, appearing after fire. This would partly explain the absence of collections in the last 100 years — the frequency of fires in the shrublands of southern Western Australia is probably lower than was pre- viously the case, and any that do occur are controlled as quickly as possible. Before the fire the vegetation, on deep acid sands, was dominated by dense shrubby Proteaceae, with depauperate shrub understorey and few annuals. After the fire, following a brief period a bare drifting soils, there was an explosion of previously rare or apparently absent herbaceous and small shrubby species. Along with G. pycnostachyus there was a proliferation of Poaceae, Muehlenbeckia spp., Gyro- sterna n ditrigynus, Gyrostemon racemiger, Stackhousia sp., Tripterococcus bru- nonis,Alogyne hakeifolia, Commersonia crispa, Glischrocaryon spp., Trachymene anisocarpa, Cyphanthera microphylla, Solanum simile, Solanum capsiciforme and Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252c, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001 Present address: ABRS, Flora of Australia Project, GPO Box 636, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601 27 28 Scaevola (Archer, pers. comm.). In this community G. pycnostachyus was very common, whereas before the fire it was apparently absent, and it remained absent from the unburned, dense Proteaceous shrubbery. The species was subsequently also located on clay/sand loams over granite north-east of Mt Merivale. These plants were growing around a seasonally water- filled rock depression, partly on recently burned ground, partly in areas kept clear of shrubs by the shallowness of the soils and summer drying. The collections show a fairly wide range of variability in vegetative charac- ters, but are uniform in their flowers and fruits. All plants are in their first year, and all are fertile, They range in size from 1 1 to 25 cm tall, with arcuately ascend- ing stems arising in a rosette from the crown of a taproot. The numbers of stems varies from 4-6 to about 30, with branching confined to the extreme base. All stems seem to eventually become fertile, with a typical Gonocarpus-type indeter- minate spike of flowers borne in the axils of reduced leaf-like bracts. Leaf size is also very variable, even on a single plant, apparently depending very much on current growing conditions. As has been noted for other species of Gonocarpus (Orchard 1975), many flowers in this species are functionally female, with the petals reduced, and anthers only half their normal size and indehiscent. In this species both fully bisexual and functionally female flowers are found on the same plant, and sometimes even in the same spike. It may be that the abortion of the male parts is a function of growing conditions, with pollen only being produced early in the season when water is presumably more readily available. All collec- tions examined from Mt Heywood were well developed and obviously approach- ing seasonal maturity. G. pycnostachyus belongs to a small group of closely related species, including G. confertifolius, G. ephemerus, G. nodulosus and perhaps G. urceolatus. All except the last are annual or short-lived perennials of sandy soils in the southern half of Western Australia. They share a fairly coarse indumentum, relatively small ovate to narrowly ovate leaves, and a distinctly urceolate fruit. G. confertifolius differs from G. pycnostachyus (and from all other species in the group) by its relatively long narrow sepals. G. ephemerus is distinct in being the only Western Australian species in the group which lacks a fringe of long hairs on the sepals. G. nodulosus is distinguished from all other species in the group, and from all other Gonocarpus species, in lacking bract eoles around the flowers. G. urceolatus is somewhat anom- alous in the group, in being confined to south-eastern Queensland. It has larger leaves than the other species, and like G. ephemerus is unusual in lacking the fringing hairs of the sepals, but its urceolate fruits seem to tie it to the group. Whereas the above are the most distinctive features of each species, they also differ in other less obvious characters, like bracteole shape, the size and density of hairs, degree of crowding of the leaves, and indumentum of the fruit. The expanded description below incorporates the range of variability inherent in all known collections of G. pycnostachyus. DESCRIPTION OF GONOCARPUS PYCNOSTACHYUS Annual herbs 1 1-25 cm tall; rootstock a well-defined taproot, with numerous arcuate-ascending stems arising from its apex. Stems mainly unbranched, or spar- ingly so at the base only, green to reddish, unribbed, with a spreading indumentum of simple hyaline uniseriate 2-3-celled hairs, 0.25-0.8 mm long. Leaves opposite at base, soon becoming alternate, with petiole 1. 5-3.0 mm long; lamina narrowly ovate to ovate, 8-18 mm long, 4-8 mm wide, sessile, midrib and veins weak to obscure, margin white and thickened, with 4-5(-8) short cuspidate teeth 0.5 mm long on each side, semi-appressed indumentum on upper and lower surfaces as for stems. Inflorescence an indeterminate spike, with lateral spikes developing freely in the axils of the upper leaves. Bracts green, lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 2.0-5. 5 mm long, 0.8— 1.7 mm wide, entire, sessile, moderately pilose on abaxial surface with hairs as on the stems, less densely pilose on adaxial surface. Bracteoles 29 red-brown, trifid to multifid, 0.5-0. 6 mm long, glabrous or with an occasional marginal hair. Flowers solitary in axils of bracts, 4-merous. Sepals 4, green, deltoid to narrowly ovate, 0.7-0. 8 mm long, 0.4-0. 5 mm wide, rather thick, rigidly erect, with a small basal callus, margin with a sparse to moderately dense fringe of hairs which are simple, unicellular and c. 0. 1 mm long. Petals 4, deep red to green, 1 .7- 1.8(-2.2) mm long, 0. 4-0.6 mm wide (keel to margin), strongly hooded and keeled, with a moderately dense spreading indumentum on dorsal surface, the hairs simple, 1-2-celled, 0.25 mm long. Stamens 8; filaments lengthening to 0.8 mm long; anthers deep red-purple, linear-oblong, 1.5- 1.8 mm long, non-apiculate (sometimes abortive, yellow, 0.5-0. 6 mm long, indehiscent). Styles 4, clavate, with bright reddish purple fimbriate stigmas. Ovary urceolate, on pedicel 0.4-0. 6 mm long, dull reddish purple to silvery grey, neck 8-ribbed vertically, bulbous base with 2-3 horizontal rows of calluses, with a dense very short indumentum. Fruit 1-seeded, urceolate, silvery grey, 2.1 mm long (including sepals), 0.8- 1.0 mm diameter, neck 8-ribbed, bulbous base 8-ribbed the ribs alternating with 8 vertical rows of 2-3 ± conical verrucosities, body of fruit covered with a dense indumentum up to 0.02 mm long (ribs opposite sepals sometimes glabrous, smooth, shiny); sepals persistent, dark greenish purple, erect to slightly spreading, with a marginal fringe of hairs, otherwise glabrous; pericarp membranous. REFERENCES Blackall, W.E. & Grieve, B.J. (1965). ‘How to Know Western Australian Wildflowers’. (University of Western Australia Press: Nedlands.), Part 3, p. 465. Briggs, J.D. & Leigh, J.H. ( 1 989). ‘Rare or Threatened Australian Plants 1 988 revised edition’. (Special publication no. 14 Aust. Natl. Parks & Wildlife Serv.: Canberra.), p. 49. Mueller, F. von (1888). Remarks on a new Victorian Haloragis, and on the occurence of the genus Pluchea within the Victorian Territory. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. Viet. 24: 132-137. Orchard, A.E. (1975). Taxonomic revisions in the family Haloragaceae. I. The genera Haloragis , Haloragodendron, Glischrocaryon, Meziella and Gonocarpus. Bull. Auckl. Inst. & Mus. 10: 1-299. Orchard, A.E. (1990). Haloragaceae, In A.S. George (Ed.), ‘Flora of Australia’ (Australia Government Printing Service: Canberra.), Vol. 18: pp. 5-85. Schindler, A.K. (1905). Halorrhagaceae, In H.G.A. Engler, ‘Das Planzenreich’ 23: 1-133. Manuscript accepted 9 June 1992 , ' NEW RECORDS OF PYRENOCARPOUS LICHENS FROM AUSTRALIA P.M. McCarthy* ABSTRACT McCarthy, P.M. New records of pyrenocarpous lichens from Australia. Muelleria 8(1): 31-36(1993). — Laurera madreporiformis (Eschw.) Riddle, Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris, P. rubrostoma R. C. Harris, Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh, Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R. C. Harris and Thelenella mar- ginata (Groenh.) Mayrh. are reported from Australia for the first time. New state/territorial records are provided for six other species. INTRODUCTION Whereas the Verrucariaceae and, to a lesser degree, Trichotheliaceae domi- nate the pyrenocarpous lichen flora of southern Australia, in tropical and subtropical latitudes, as elsewhere in the world, the Pyrenulaceae, Tricho- theliaceae and Trypetheliaceae appear to be pre-eminent. However, almost all of the descriptions and reports from northern Australia are based solely on nine- teenth century collections of often doubtful or poorly circumscribed entities. The present contribution documents several, mostly recent collections of Pyrenula- ceae, Strigulaceae, Thelenellaceae, Trichotheliaceae, Trypetheliaceae and Verru- cariaceae, mainly from northern New South Wales, Queensland and the Northern Territory. THE SPECIES 1 . Clathroporina exocha (Nyl.) Mull. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissierl, App. 1:93(1 894). — Verrucaria exocha Nyl., Flora 52: 125 (1869). Thallus corticolous, crustose, forming large, peeling, glossy, yellowish green patches. Perithecia immersed in inconspicuous, 0.5-1 mm diam., thalline verru- cae; involucrellum vestigial; ostiole depressed. Ascospores 8 per ascus, muriform, colourless, fusiform-ellipsoid to fusiform, 60- 1 00 x 20-30 pm, with a thick gela- tinous sheath. Apparently confined to the south-eastern Pacific rim, and already known from Queensland, C. exocha is reported for the first time from New South Wales. Specimen Examined New South Wales — Central Coast, 1 7 km SSE of Forster, Wallingat State Forest, Sugar Creek Flora Reserve, alt. c. 60 m, on bark in rainforest, 24 Apr. 1990, P.M. McCarthy (MEL). 2. Laurera madreporiformis (Eschw.) Riddle, in Howe, Torreya 16: 50 (1916). — Trypethelium madreporiforme Eschw., Syst. Lich .: 24 (1824). Thallus crustose, corticolous, epiphloeodal, continuous, pale yellowish grey. Perithecia simple, 0.4-0.65 mm diam., solitary or in groups of up to 20 in rounded or irregular, dark olive-brown to black pseudostromata that contain orange, K+ purple-red crystals. Ostiole brown, in a plane, epruinose apical depression, 0.11 — 0.22 mm wide. Centrum 0.3-0.47 mm diam., inspersed with minute granular bodies. Excipulum brown-black, 40-60 pm thick near the apex, 1 7-22 pm thick at the base. Pseudoparaphyses branched-anastomosing, 1—1.5 pm thick. Asci 8- spored, clavate to clavate-cylindrical, 130-175 x 27-41 pm. Ascospores colour- less, muriform-euseptate, with 10-15 transverse and 3-4 longitudinal divisions, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, 35-55 x 1 1-18 pm. *National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141 31 32 Laurera madreporiformis is known in the Neotropics (Letrouit-Galinou 1957, Harris 1986) and India (Awasthi 1991). Its inclusion in recent Australian checklists (Filson 1983, 1986, 1 988, McCarthy 1991) is most probably erroneous. It was not listed the earlier inventory of Weber & Wetmore (1972), nor have I been able to find any reports in the literature. The name L. madreporiformis var. obscurior (Church. Bab.) Zahlbr., which has appeared in all recent checklists, has, in fact, never been collected in Australia. Moreover, that taxon is not a Laurera but a bark-inhabiting fungus that is known only from New Zealand (Galloway 1985). Specimens Examined Northern Territory — Manton Dam, 51 km SE of Darwin, 12°50'S, 131°08'E, alt. 70 m, on fallen tree-branch, in forest beside stream below dam, 26 Dec. 1984, H. Streimann 8743 (CBG 901 1111); Wangi Road, Walker Creek, 68 km SSW of Darwin, 13°05'S, 130°43'E, alt. 95 m, on shrub-branch in Eucalyptus woodland on moderate slope, 1 Jan. 1985, H. Streimann 8801 (CBG 9011112, part). 3. Pyrenula astroidea (Fee) R. C. Harris, Mem. NOw York Bot. Gard. 49:87(1 989). — Parmentaria astroidea Fee, Ess at Crypts. 70 (1824). Thallus epiphloedal, corticate, smooth, pale grey-green to grey-brown, UV-. Perithecia 0. 4-0.8 mm diam., fused at the ostiole in groups of 2-5 and enclosed in a black, semi-immersed, 1-1.8 mm diam. pseudostromatic shell. Ascospores pale brown, submuriform-distoseptate, elongate-ellipsoid, 29-38 x 12-17 pm. It has been suggested by Harris (1989) that this comparatively well-known lichen is probably pantropical in dry lowland regions. Its known Australian dis- tribution, previously limited to south-eastern Queensland, is expanded here to include eastern and north-eastern New South Wales. Specimens Examined New South Wales — SE of Armidale, River Styx State Forest, Big Hill, between Jeogla and Georges Creek, on bark in wet sclerophyll forest, 25 Oct. 1967, W. A. Weber & D. McVean (CBG 90 i 1 1 1 3); Blue Mountains, Mount Wilson, below Gwynne Rocks look-out, on Atherosperma moschatum in residual rainforest, 3 Apr. 1968, W. A. Weber (COLO L-47364, CBG 9200943). 4. Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49: 94 (1989). — Anthracothecium maculare Zahlbr., Mycologia 22: 70 (1930). Thallus pale yellowish green, white-maculate, smooth, continuous, UV — . Perithecia very numerous, almost entirely immersed, 0.28-0.42 mm diam. Ascos- pores uniseriate in elongate-cylindrical asci, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, muri- form, with 6-8 rows of 3-6 rounded locules, 35-46.5 x 14.5-18 pm. While in most Pyrenulae, post-mature ascospores darken and shrivel, in P. macularis and a few others they retain their shape; however, the locules lose defi- nition and are replaced by globules of a dark red-brown oily substance. This lichen is known from Central America, the Caribbean region, Africa and Madagascar (Harris 1989). Specimen Examined Northern Territory — Lee Point, 1 6 km NNE of Darwin, 1 2°20'S, 1 30°54'E, on treelet stem in low coastal scrub, alt. 3 m, 2 Jan. 1985, H. Streimann 8825 (CBG 9007586). 5. Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 49: 96 (1989). — Verrucaria ochraceoflava Nyl., Expos, syn. Pyren.: 50 (1858). — Anthracothecium ochrotropum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Cat. lich. univ. 1: 468 (1922). Thallus crustose, effuse, yellowish-white, K+ purple. Perithecia 0.24-0.4 mm diam., partly overgrown by the thallus. Ascospores biseriate in the asci, submu- riform-distoseptate, colourless to pale brown, 1 1-19 x 8.5-12 pm. 33 This pantropical and most distinctive lichen, already known (as Anthraco- thecium ochrotropum ) from Queensland (McCarthy 1991), is reported for the first time from the Northern Territory. Specimens Examined Northern Territory — Grant Is., fresh-water billabong, behind beach, on bark in Rhizophora- Melaleuca complex, 9 Jul. 1975, D. Grace (MEL); Arnhem Land, King. R., 24 km upstream from Manmgrida, on bark, 2 Aug. 1975, D. Grace (MEL). 6. Pyrenula ravenelii (Tuck.) R. C. Harris, Mem. New York Bot. Card. 49: 99 (1989). — Parmentaria ravenelii (Tuck.) Mull. Arg., Flora 68: 250 (1885). Pyrenula ravenelii may be distinguished from the closely related P. astroidea mainly by its larger, muriform-distoseptate ascospores (Harris 1989). First described and most commonly known from the south-eastern United States (Harris 1989), P. ravenelii (as Parmentaria ravenelii) was reported from Warbur- ton, Victoria by Muller (1893). The Tasmanian specimen listed here has ascos- pores of 61-80 x 21-30 pm and was formerly attributed to the quite different tropical lichen Parmentaria gregalis (Knight) Mull. Arg. (McCarthy 1991). Specimen Examined Tasmania — Hobart Rivulet, on bark, Jan. 1901, F.R.M. Wilson (MEL 5819). 7. Pyrenula rubrostoma R. C. Harris, in Tucker & Harris, Bryologist 83: 16 (1980). Thallus thin, smooth, corticate, greyish brown. Perithecia semi-immersed, conical, 0.46-0.66 mm diam., with a spreading and uniformly brown-black invo- lucrellum, K— . Ascospores 4-celled, pale brown, elongate-ellipsoid, irregularly biseriate in the asci, with an additional endospore layer around the iumina, 16- 23.5 x 7.5-12.5 pm. Harris (1989, in Tucker & Harris 1980) observed that P. rubrostoma pos- sesses two especially distinctive characters, viz. a bright red, K+ blue ostiolar area and a second endospore layer within the 1 7- 1 9 x 7.5-9 pm ascospores. However, he also noted an absence of red pigment in some specimens, in which case ‘the spores are sufficient for determination’ (Tucker & Harris 1980). This is the first Australian record of a lichen previously known only from the southern American states of Louisiana and Florida. Specimen Examined Queensland — 5 miles W of Gordonvale, on bark in lowland rainforest, 17 Apr 1968 W A Weber (COLO L-48205). 8. Staurothele fissa (Taylor) Zwackh, Flora 45: 552 (1862). — Verrucaria fissa Taylor, FI. hibern. 2: 95 (1836). Thallus crustose, epilithic, rimose to areolate, dark olive brown to brown- black, 80-140 pm thick. Perithecia 0.24-0.38 mm diam., semi-immersed to almost entirely immersed in prominent thalline verrucae. Hymenial algae globose-cuboid. Ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform-euseptate, hyaline to pale brown, 32-50 x 1 4—20 pm. Staurothele fissa is a rather common lichen on aquatic and semi-aquatic sil- iceous rocks in cool-temperate, alpine and boreal regions of the Northern Hemi- sphere (Clauzade & Roux 1985, Kopachevskaya et al. 1977, Thomson 1991); it has also been found in New Zealand (Galloway 1985). Although Staurothele has not been reported from Australia, fragmentary specimens of an indeterminate calcicolous species are known from Kalbarri National Park in Western Australia (specimens in MEL). The Tasmanian specimens of S. fissa were found on exposed surfaces, between 10 and 50 cm above water-level, together with Hymenelia lacustris, Ver- 34 rucaria aft', praetermissa and Verrucaria aff. submargacea. In view of its distri- bution in the Northern Hemisphere, it is, I believe, noteworthy that this lichen was not seen in any of the 40-50 creeks visited by me in central and eastern Victoria and coastal New South Wales. Specimen Examined Tasmania — Tyenna R.. c. 2 km E of Westerway, by Hobart-Maydena road, semi-aquatic on large dolerite boulders, 26 Apr. 1992, P. M. McCarthy (MEL, HO). 9. Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C. Harris, in Hawksworth etai, Lichenologist 12: 107 (1980). — Porina faginea (Schaerer) Arnold, Flora 68: 166 (1885). Thallus crustose, subepilithic to epilithic, pale greenish grey, smooth, glossy, continuous to sparingly rimose, 1 5-30(-80) pm thick. Perithecia 1/3-immersed to semi-immersed. Perithecia! apex flattened. Ostiole pale brown. Involucrellum (0.34-)0.47(-0.64) mm diam., penetrating to excipulum-base level, uniformly dull olive-black in thin section or with only the outermost 25-30 pm olive-black and the inner parts pale to medium brown and inspersed with algal cells, 60-90 pm thick. Excipulum colourless at the base, colourless to brown at the sides, dark brown towards the apex. Paraphyses simple to very sparingly branched, not anas- tomosing. Asci fissitunicate, 90-110 x 13-16 pm; ocular chamber becoming tuberculate, c. 3x1 pm . Ascospores colourless, 7-septate, fusiform, 23-33 x 5.5- 7.5 pm. Conidiomata of two types; 1) 100-160 pm diam., dark brown above, colourless below, with 5-7-septate, 15-21 x 3-4.5 pm bacilliform macroconidia growing vertically from the apices of short, unbranched conidiophores; 2) 60- 80(-100) pm diam., with straight, 2-3 x 0.7 pm microconidia. Until comparatively recently, Strigula was considered to be exclusively folii- colous (Santesson 1952). However, once the possession of a subcuticular thallus, an important generic characteristic of the foliicolous taxa (though of little mean- ing when applied to species on other substrata), was set aside, a number of hitherto problematical corticolous and bryophilous pyrenocarps were referrable to Stri- gula (Harris 1 975). Five obligately and facultatively saxicolous taxa are currently known from Europe and the Americas. Strigula stigmatella is almost exclusively corticolous and bryophilous. It has been reported from northern, central and eastern Europe and from northern U.S.A. Apart from the Australian collections described here, I have seen only one other saxicolous specimen [Germany, Oberbayern, bei Tolz, an umherliegenden Sandsteinen im Walde an der Westseite des Blombergs, 19 Sep. 1880, F.C.G. Arnold 863 (G)]. Specimens Examined New South Wales — Newcastle region, 3 km SE of Stroud Road, 1 km S of Stroud Mt, creek beside Ducks Hill Road, on deeply shaded semi-aquatic rhyolite, 22 Apr. 1990, P.M. McCarthy 363 (MEL 1055381); Chichester State Forest, 1 9 km W of Stratford, Karuah Valley Road, offWards River- Bcrrico Trig Road, Karuah R., on shaded semi-aquatic slate, 9 Feb. 1991, P.M. McCarthy 579(MEL 1055306). 10. Thelenella marginata (Groenh.) Mayrh., Bibliotheca lichenol. 26: 48 ( 1 987). — Microglaena marginata Groenh., Reinwardtia 2: 391 (1954). Thallus determinate, pale yellowish green, rimose to areolate. Perithecia immersed in hemispherical, 0.26-0.4 mm diam. thalline verrucae. Ascospores hyaline, 6-8 per ascus, muriform, with 10-14 transverse and 3-4 longitudinal divisions, 30-43.5 x 12-18 pm. This is the second report of a lichen that was previously known from eastern Java (Mayrhofer 1987). Specimen Examined Northern Territory — Mt Brockman complex, 1 5 km SSE of Jabiru airfield, 12°48'S, 132°56’, alt. 230 m, on shaded sandstone rock face, in Allosyncarpia- dominated vegetation amongst deeply dis- sected outcrops, 20 Apr. 1989, H. Streimann 44283 (B 79664, CBG 8914774). 35 11. Trypethelium eluteriae Sprengel, Anleitung Kenntn. Gewachse 3: 351 (1804). Thallus continuous to rimose, smooth to uneven, pale brown. Pseudostro- mata containing 5-15 ascomata embedded in a powdery orange material, 0.8-2 mm wide. Hamathecium of branched-anastomosing pseudoparaphyses. Ascos- pores colourless, elongate-fusiform, 9-13-septate, 34-48 x 8-11 pm. A common lowland pantropical species, T. eluteriae is known from the Caribbean region, South America, India and Sri Lanka, China and Australia (Queensland). The following is the first report from the Northern Territory. Specimen Examined Northern Territory — Wangi Road, Walker Creek, 68 km SSW of Darwin, 1 3°05'S, 1 30°43'E, alt. 95 m, on shrub branch in Eucalyptus woodland on moderate slope, 1 Jan. 1985, H. Streimann 8801 (CBG 9011112; part). 12. Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Mull. Arg., Bot. Jahrb. 6: 393 (1885). — Verrucaria tropica Ach., Lick. Univ .: 278 (1810). Thallus smooth to farinose, continuous, grey-green to yellowish grey. Asco- mata superficial, not aggregated in pseudostromata, black, 0.4-0.55 mm diam. Ascospores colourless, fusiform, 3-septate, 16-27 x 6-8 pm. Trypethelium tropicum and its many synonyms (Harris 1986) have been reported from south-eastern U.S. A. ^Central and South America, tropical Africa, the Indian sub-continent, Indonesia, The Philippines and Queensland. The following are the first records from the Northern Territory. Specimens Examined Northern Territory — Wangi Road, Walker Creek, 68 km SSW of Darwin, 1 3°05'S, 1 30°43'E, alt. 95 m, on shrub branch in Eucalyptus woodland on moderate slope, 1 Jan. 1985, H. Streimann 8801 (CBG 901 1 1 12, part); 13km SSE of Adelaide River township, RobinFalls, 13°21'S, 13I°08'E, alt. 120 m, on bark near base of treelet, in dense vegetation on creek flats surrounded by Eucalyptus savannah, 14 Apr. 1989, H. Streimann 42120 (CBG 8914609). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to Dr P. Geissler (G), Mr H. Streimann (CBG) and the Directors/Curators of AD, B and COLO for the loan of specimens. REFERENCES Awasthi, A. A. (1991) ‘A Key to the Microlichens of India and Nepal’ (Bibliotheca Lichenologica 40). (Berlin & Stuttgart: J. Cramer.) Clauzade, G. & Roux, C. (1985) Likenoj de Okcidenta Europo llustrita determinlibro. Bull. Soc. hot. Centre-Ouest, n.s., numero special 7: 1-893. Filson, R.B. (1983) ‘Checklist of Australian Lichens’. (Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria.) Filson, R.B.(1986) ‘Checklist of Australian Lichens’. 2nd edn. (Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria.) Filson, R.B.(1988) ‘Checklist of Australian Lichens.’ 3rd edn. (Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria.) Galloway, D.J. (1985) ‘Flora of New Zealand Lichens.’ (Wellington: Government Printer.) Harris, R.C. (1975) ‘A Taxonomic Revision of the Genus Arthopyrenia Massal., s. lat. (Ascomycetes) in North America.’ Ph.D. Dissertation: Michigan State University. Harris, R.C. (1986) [’1984’] The family Trypetheliaceae (Loculoascomycetes: lichenized Melanom- matales) in Amazonian Brazil. Acta Amazonica, Suppl. 14: 55-80. Harris, R.C. ( 1 989) A sketch of the family Pyrenulaceae (Melanommatales) in eastern North America. Mem. New York Bot. Card. 49: 74-107. Kopachevskaya, E.G., Makarevicz, M.F. & Oxner, A.N. ( 1 977) ‘Opredelidetel’ Lishainikov SSSR. vol. 4. Verrucariaceae-Pilocarpaceae’. (Leningrad: Nauka.) Letrouit-Galinou, M.A. (1957) Revision monographique du genre Laurera (Lichenes, Trypethe- liacees). Rev. Bryol. Lichenol. 26: 207-264. McCarthy, P.M. (1991) ‘Checklist of Australian Lichens’. 4th edn. (Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria.) Mayrhofer, H.( 1 987) 'Monographie der Flechtengattung Thelenella. (Bibliotheca Lichenologica 26). (Berlin & Stuttgart: J. Cramer.) Muller [Argoviensis], J.( 1 893) Lichenes Wilsoniani s. lichenes a cl. Rev. F R M. Wilson in Australiae Prov. Victoria lecti. Bull. Herb. Boissier 1: 33-65. Santesson. R. (1952) Foliicolous lichens 1. A revision of the taxonomy of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 12(1): 1-590. Thomson. .I.W. (1991) The lichen genus Staurothele in North America. Bryologist 94: 351-367. Tucker, S.C. & Harris. R.C.(1980) New and noteworthy pyrenocarpous lichens from Louisiana and Florida. Bryologist 83: 1-20. Weber. W.A. & Wetmore, C.M.(1972) Catalogue of the lichens of Australia exclusive of Tasmania. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 41: 1-137. Manuscript accepted 12 June 1992. UTRICULARIA BEAUGLEHOLEI (LENTIBULARIACEAE: SUBGENUS UTRICULARIA: SECTION PLEIOCHASIA), A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRAUIA Robert J. Gassin* ABSTRACT Gassin, R.obert J. Utricularia beaugleholei (Lentibulariaceae: subgenus Utricu- laria: section Pleiochasia), a new species from South-eastern Australia. Muelleria 8(1): 37-42 (1993). — Utricularia beaugleholei R.J. Gassin sp. nov. is described as new, its distribution and habitat are discussed and differences with the related Utricularia dichotoma Labill. are highlighted. INTRODUCTION The first known collection of Utricularia beaugleholei was made in 1 852 by F. Mueller (MEL 89973) in Brighton, now a suburb of Melbourne. Several more collections have been made since, especially during the last two decades by A.C. Beauglehole, who like previous collectors wrongly recognised them as U. dichot- oma Labill. However Beauglehole was aware of there being two similar but distinct species and many of his numerous collections of U. dichotoma are also wrongly labelled U. uniflora R. Br. Taylor (1989) referring to U. dichotoma noted that ‘very large flowers sometimes occur in the eastern states and these are not always associated with large or tall plants’. It seems likely that he was referring to U. beaugleholei. Interestingly, Taylor on examining collections of MEL for Flora of Australia recognised Beauglehole’s mistake in confusing U. dichotoma for U. uniflora but did not recognise his other mistake. On a recent heldtrip, I was fortunate to find and examine live material of both U. dichotoma and U. beaugleholei. This revealed several taxonomically significant differences. This opportunity is taken of describing U. beaugleholei and of high- lighting differences with U. dichotoma. TAXONOMY Utricularia beaugleholei R.J. Gassin sp. nov. Utricularia dichotoma Labill. affinis, foliis lanceolatis anguste valde vel linearis anguste, ad 44 mm longis, 1.6 mm latis, apice acuto valde; appendiculis dorsalis laquei longioris laqueo’saepe; margmibus supero partis labello supero corollae reflexis, labelio infero corollae 4-1 1 elevatis leviter cristis luteis radiatim, et palato glabro centra marginalibus lateralibus pubescentibus differt. Holotypus: Victoria: 8 km NNE of Strathmerton near site of Mywee railway station in the Murray Valley, 30 Sep. 1978, T.B. Muir 5322 (MEL). Small, probably perennial terrestrial herb. Rhizoids numerous, capillary, simple, c. 2 cm long, tapering from 0. 5 mm to 0. 1 mm thick. Stolons few, capillary branched up to several centimetres long, the internodes less than 2 centimetres. Leaves 1 -nerved, a few rosulate at the peduncle base, others in pairs at the stolon nodes, petiolate, lamina very narrowly lanceolate to narrowly linear, up to 44 mm long and 1.6 mm wide, tapering to a very acute apex. Traps few at the peduncle base, others in pairs at the stolon nodes, ovoid or globose, 1-4 mm long, stalk 1 0 mm or less, mouth lateral with a subulate simple dorsal appendage often longer than the trap, a pair of well developed, deeply fimbriate lateral appendages up to 2.5 mm long, and a pair of deeply fimbriate ventral appendages, usually poorly developed or absent proximally (near the stalk) and widest distally (near the * 19 Almondbush Street, Somerville, Victoria, Australia 3912. 37 Fig. 1. Utricularia beaugleholei. a — habit xl . b — flower, lateral view x2.5. c flower, anterior view x2 5 d - calyx and upper corolla lobe x5. e — seed x44. f — bracts and bracteoles in situ x3. g pistil x 1 4. h — stamen x 1 4. i — leaf x3. j — trap, lateral view x 1 4. k — bract x6. a,d-k drawn from R.J. Gassin 23 (MEL); b,c drawn from S.J. Forbes 1875 & N.H. Scarlett (MEL). 39 Fig. 2. Known distribution of Utricularia beaugleholei. mouth), up to 2 mm long but sometimes absent. Inflorescence erect, solitary or several arising together or in succession, 4-35 cm long, peduncles terete, glabrous 0. 8-2.0 mm thick. Scales absent. Bracts and bracteoles similar, basifixed, 2. 0-3. 5 mm long, 0.8- 1.6 mm wide, base either absent or slightly gibbous, the superior part oblong or ovate, the apex acute. Flowers single, in opposite pairs or whorls of 3, terminal or at 2 or more nodes along the raceme axis; pedicles erect, filiform, distinctly dorsiventrally compressed, 0.25-1.5 cm long. Calyx lobes unequal, upper lobe circular or broadly ovate 2.5-4. 5 mm long, lower lobe ovate or broadly ovate with apex emarginate to distinctly bihd 2. 5-4. 5 mm long, margins of both lobes wavy. Corolla dark violet with yellow markings at the base of the lower lip; upper lip erect with conspicuous vertical darker violet nerves, constricted near the middle, the superior part obcordate or broadly obovate with the apex emarginate, the lateral margin reflexed at 90° or more, 3. 5-6.0 mm long, 3. 0-6.0 mm wide, the lower part broadly semicircular and heavily pubescent on the abaxial surface, lower lip limb broadly hachet-shaped to reniform, 0.8-1. 5 cm long, 1.4-2. 7 cm wide, the base with 4-1 1 slightly raised radiating yellow ridges, the apex rounded or shallowly 3-lobed; palate glabrous centrally lateral margins pubescent; spur elliptic in cross section with apex distinctly bilobed, shorter than and broadly divergent from the lower lip. Filaments curved, 2 mm long, the anther theca distinct. Ovary superior, ovoid, style short. Capsule globose, 3-5 mm in diameter, the wall membranous, dehiscing by a single longitudinal, ventral, marginally thickened slit. Seeds narrowly obovoid c. 0.8 mm long. (Fig. 1) Distribution (Fig. 2) Scattered throughout south west Victoria from the South Australia border to Port Phillip Bay, south of latitude 36°20'S. Also from the Murray Valley, north- east Victoria and the adjacent part of New South Wales between latitudes 35°S and 40 35°50'S and longitudes 144°50'E and 146°50'E. A single collection by F. Mueller (MEL 89873) from Goulburn in New South Wales marks the most northerly and easterly limits of its range. It has also been recorded from the Mary Seymour Conservation Park (37°10'S, 140°47'E) in the south-eastern corner of South Australia (Allen Lowrie pers. comm.) Habitat Utricularia beaugleholei is found in wet sandy and clayey soils, often on the margin of swamps but also in roadside drains and on seasonally wet flood plains, usually in open grassland. It has been collected in flower between September and March. Representative Specimens (total number examined 41) Victoria — 4.25 miles WSW of Dergholm PO, 14 Dec. 1971, A.C. Beauglehole 38062 (A. BRI, CANB DNA. MEL, NSM); Little Desert, 15 km W of Broughton Waterhole, 9 Nov. 1979, A.C. Beauglehole 66348 (BA, CBG, MEL, NSM); Coolinda 24 km WNW of Stawell PO, 22 Oct. 1 979, A.C. Beauglehole 65 113 (MEL); Deep Lead Flora & Fauna Reserve, / Oct. 1 98 1 , A. C. Beauglehole 96124 & W. McPhee (MEL); 10 km NNW of Anglesea PO, 16 Jan. 1979, .4. C. Beauglehole 63333 (MEL); 12.5 miles WSW of Casterton PO 21 Dec. 1971, A.C. Beauglehole 238112 (MEL). Discussion Although very variable in size, the morphology of Utricularia beaugleholei is relatively constant. This species has previously been confused with U. dichotoma and indeed many of its characteristics are shared by some populations of the latter species. However, the combination of characteristics outlined above are unique to U. beaugleholei. Futhermore a number of mixed collections of both species exist [ W. T. Whan (MEL 89970), F. Mueller (MEL 899 73), St Eloy D’Alton 16 (MEL)] suggesting mixed populations occur in nature. In these, the two species remain readily differentiated. Some of the differentiating characteristics between the two species are dis- cussed below. The most striking differences are to be found in the corolla lips. Whereas in U. dichotoma, the upper lip is flat and only protudes a small distance above the lower lip palate, in U. beaugleholei it is larger, reflexed at 90° or more, and protudes several mm above the palate. Its emarginate or bilobed apex is also more pro- nounced and a more constant characteristic than in U. dichotoma. The lower corolla lip of U. beaugleholei differs from that of U. dichotoma in several respects. The palate of the former species is glabrous apart from its lateral margins whereas in the latter it is pubescent. The distribution of the ridges arising Fig. 3. Utricularia dichotoma. a — flower, lateral view x2.0. b — trap, lateral view x 1 1 . a drawn from T.B. Muir 4792 (MEL); b drawn from T.B. Muir 4813 (MEL). 41 from the anterior aspect of the palate provides the easiest means of differentiating between the two species. In U. dichotoma three sets of ridges arise from the palate, these are markedly elevated above the remainder of the limb (Fig. 3a). A central pair protrudes forward over the centre of the limb, and 2 smaller lateral sets each comprising two or more ridges are at approximately 45° to the central pair. A further small ridge sometimes arises between the apices of the 2 central ridges. The central 2 (or 3) ridges are yellow (rarely brown) and the lateral ridges either yellow or purple, there being a maximum of 7 yellow stripes. In U. beaugleholei 4 to 10 ridges arise from the palate, these are only slightly raised above the remainder of the limb. In contrast to U. dichotoma , the ridges are equidistant from each other and diverge slightly as they extend from the palate. As in U. dichotoma a further small ridge is often present between the 2 central ridges. In this species, the ridges are always yellow giving a maximum of 1 1 yellow stripes. In both species, the flowers can be terminal or clustered at 2, 3 or rarely more nodes. Whereas in U. beaugleholei flowers in the lower and subsequent nodes are often in whorls of 3, this arrangement is very rare in U. dichotoma. Examination of specimens from over 100 collections of this species has revealed very few speci- mens with the lower clusters of flowers in a whorl of 3 and none with that arrangement in subsequent nodes, the flowers being either single or in opposite pairs. In U. beaugleholei, the bracts are always basifixed sometimes with a slightly gibbous base whereas in U. dichotoma they are more commonly basisolute. How- ever, when basihxed they are indistinguishable from those of U. beaugleholei. Whereas the leaf shape of U. dichotoma is very variable, ranging from nar- rowly linear to broadly elliptic and the apex rounded to acute, the leaf shape of U. beaugleholei varies only very slightly being either very narrowly lanceolate or narrowly linear always tapering to a very acute apex. Observations by myself and others have revealed that the linear leaf-shape of some populations of U. dichot- oma is a result of growing in shallow water, the leaf becoming broader and shorter when the same plants are grown in drier soils. Unfortunately, similar observations have not been made for U. beaugleholei but the fact that the leaf shape of collected specimens shows so little variation would suggest that growing conditions are not crucial in determining leaf shape although they could account for variation in leaf size. The morphology of the trap appendages is also helpful in differentiating the two species. The dorsal appendage of the U. beaugleholei trap is usually long, often longer than the trap, although this condition is uncommon in U. dichotoma, it does occur. The lateral appendages of the U. beaugleholei trap are much longer and more deeply fimbriate than those of U. dichotoma. However, the most obvi- ous difference is in the ventral appendages. In U. dichotoma, (Fig. 3b) when present these are wide, marginally entire or shortly fimbriate, and of constant width throughout their length, whereas in U. beaugleholei when present they are usually more deeply fimbriate and usually widest distally and sometimes very poorly developed or absent proximally. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Jim Ross and David Albrecht of the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) for their invaluable assistance in the preparation of this paper. Neville Walsh also of MEL provided the Latin diagnosis. Allen Lowrie from Western Australia is thanked for sharing his knowledge of Australian car- nivorous plants and for his advice on preparation of the illustrations. The Director of the Kew Herbarium kindly sent on loan several type specimens. Thanks are also due to Mrs Danielle Gassin, my mother, for typing the original manuscript. I am indebted to Peter Taylor previously of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, whose outstanding work on Utricularia has not only stimulated my interest in the 42 taxonomy of the genus but has also made it possible for me to tackle this most complex and interesting group of plants. REFERENCES Taylor. P. (1989). 'The genus Utricularia — a taxonomic monograph’. (Her Majesty’s Stationary Office: London.) Manuscript submitted 25 June 1992. B ACID I A ALBIDOPLUMBEA (LICHENISED ASCOMYCOTINA) AND ITS TAXONOMIC SYNONYMS IN TASMANIA Gintaras Kantvilas* ABSTRACT Kantvilas, Gintaras. Bacidia albidoplumbea (lichenised Ascomycotina) and its taxonomic synomyms. Muelleria 8(1): 43-46 (1993). — Bacidia albidoplumbea (J.D. Hook. & Taylor) Hellbom, previously considered endemic to New Zealand, is recorded from Tasmania, and additional descriptive data and illustrations are provided. The names of three Tasmanian taxa, B. melasemoides (Jatta) Zahlbr., B. otagensis var. tasmanica (Jatta) Zahlbr., and B. weymouthii (Shirley) Zahlbr., are reduced to synonymy. INTRODUCTION Recent studies of Tasmanian lichens and relevant Australasian type speci- mens have revealed that three taxa of Bacidia are conspecific with B. albidoplum- bea , a corticolous lichen from New Zealand. First described (as a Lecidea) by Hooker & Taylor (1847), this species was later redescribed from New Zealand by Knight, Nylander, Stirton and Zahlbruckner, to the extent that Galloway (1985) recognised seven taxonomic synonyms in the New Zealand flora alone. The pres- ent paper clarifies the nomenclature of the species in Tasmania, and provides additional descriptive data. TAXONOMY Bacidia albidoplumbea (J.D. Hook. & Taylor) Hellbom, Bihang K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 21(3) 13: 99 (1896). — Lecidea albidoplumbea J.D. Hook. & Taylor, Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 3: 638 (1844); Type: ‘New Zealand’ sine loco [Lectotype fide Galloway (1985): BM!]. Bacidia melasemoides (Jatta) Zahlbr., Catal. Lich. Univ. 4: 252 (1927). — Raphiospora melasemoides [‘melasenoides’] Jatta, Boll. Soc. bot. ital. 8: 258 (1911); Type: ‘Tasmania meridionalis, ad arbores in monte Wellington, alt. 500 p [ft],’ W.A. Weymouth (Holotype: NAP!). Bacidia otagensis (Nyl.) Hellbom var. tasmanica (Jatta) Zahlbr., Catal. Lich. Univ. 4: 253 (1927). — Raphiospora otagensis var. tasmanica Jatta, Boll. Soc. bot. ital. 8: 258(191 1);Type: ‘Tasmania, ad truncum Sassafragis prope Geeveston, alt. 1 100 p [ft]’, W.A. Weymouth [Lectotype (selected here): NAP!]; ‘Tasmania, ad arbores in monte Wellington, alt. 500 p [ft]’, W.A. Weymouth (Syntype: NAP!). Bacidia weymouthii (Shirley) Zahlbr., Catal. Lich. Univ. 4: 248 (1927). — Patellaria weymouthii Shirley, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. (1893): 217 (1894); Type: Tasmania, St. Crispins, Mt Wellington, W.A. Weymouth [Lectotype, fide Kant- vilas (1988a): BRI!]; Tasmania, Mt Wellington, St. Crispins, on bark of tree, 10 Mar. 1891, W.A. Weymouth 112 (Syntype: MEL!). [Bacidia millegrana auct. non (Taylor) Zahlbr.: Bratt & Cashin, Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 110: 144 (1976).] For synonymy in New Zealand see Galloway (1985). This species is characterised by a thin, whitish grey to dingy glaucous grey, smooth, crustose thallus, black glossy, lecideine apothecia to c. 1.5 mm diameter, with a persistent flexuose margin, an unpigmented hymenium inspersed with numerous oil droplets up to c. 4-6 pm diameter, and fusiform-acicular, usually bent, indistinctly 3-7 septate ascospores, 35-65 x 3. 5— 6(— 7) pm. * Tasmanian Herbarium, GPO Box 252C, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia 7001. 43 44 \ Fig. 1. Portion of hymenium and spores of Bacidia albidoplumbea (amyloid portions of ascus stippled). Scale bar = 10 pm. More complete descriptions are provided by Kantvilas & James (1991) (as B. weymouthii) and by Galloway (1985). Details of asci, paraphyses and spores are illustrated in Figure 1. . Bacidia albidoplumbea has no confusing species in the Tasmanian lichen flora. The genus Bacidia includes several additional species, including several currently undetermined, possibly new taxa, but all differ by the pigmentation and morphology of their apothecia, or by their ascospores. Bacidia albidoplumbea. The lectotype consists of two pieces of bark. The thallus is very poorly developed, thin and atypically dull grey. Apothecia are few, mostly immature and in poor condition, but sufficient fertile asci were located for anatomical examination. No chemical substances, apart from trace unknowns, were detected by thin layer chromatography (t.l.c.). Hellbom ( 1 896) attributes the combination in Bacidia to Charles Knight, but this is illegitimate and appears to be based solely on his acceptance of Knight’s species, B. subscripta , as a synonym of B. albidoplumbea. Bacidia melasemoides. The type consists of a small fragment of bark bearing abundant, typical well-developed apothecia. No chemical constituents were detected by t.l.c. The epithet ‘melasenoides’ which appears in the published description (Jatta 191 1) is clearly an orthographic error: ‘melasemoides’ is hand- written on the specimen label and, furthermore, the name is derived from Bacidia melasema Knight, another synonym of B. albidoplumbea. Bacidia otagensis var. tasmanica. Both syntypes consist of tiny fragments of bark bearing well-developed, abundantly fertile thalli. In his original description, Jatta (1911) cites dimensions of 80-100 x 2-3 pm, but a re-examination of his Remarks 45 material revealed only spores in the range of 40-45 x 3-4 pm, compatible with those typical of B. albidoplumbea. Of the two syntypes, the specimen from Mt Wellington has more abundant , well-developed apotheciaand is here selected as the lectotype. No chemical constituents were detected in either specimen by t.l.c. Bacidia weymouthii. Two of the three syntypes orginally cited by Shirley ( 1 894) have been located. Both represent large, abundantly fertile collections and are typical of the species in Tasmania, i.e. with a conspicuous, pale whitish grey thallus. A trace of atranorin was detected by t.l.c. in the lectotype collection. Typification of this taxon is discussed by Kantvilas (1988a). Bacidia millegrana. This name has been misapplied to several early Tasman- ian collections of B. albidoplumbea (see Bratt & Cashin 1976). B. millegrana is a distinct species with brownish apothecia and spores having up to 1 3 septa (Taylor 1847, Nylander 1888). First described from Argentina, it has been recorded from New Zealand (Nylander 1888) and mainland Australia (McCarthy 1991). To date there are no substantiated records from Tasmania. Fig. 2. Tasmanian distribution of Bacidia albidoplumbea (based on collections at HO). 46 Bacidia albidoplumbea is currently known from New Zealand and Tasmania (Figure 2). In New Zealand, Galloway (1985) notes that the species is widespread, mainly in coastal and lowland areas, on the bark of trees and shrubs such as Hoheria , Dacrydium and Sophora. In Tasmania, the species is common and wide- spread in cool temperate rainforest where it is a pioneer of twigs and trunks with smooth bark (Kantvilas & James 1991). It occurs in shaded microhabitats and is a prominent component of the Opegrapha stellata — Coccotrema cucurbitula com- munity of Kantvilas (1988b: 415). Although mostly found on Atherosperma moschatum , B. albidoplumbea has also been recorded from Nothofagus cunning- hamii and Lagarostrobos franklinii. It is also known from wet sclerophyll forest where it grows as an epiphyte of Pomaderris apetala and Zieria arborescens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Dr A.E. Orchard for comments on the manuscript, Prof. P.L. Nimis for locating the types of the Jatta lichens and the curators of herbaria cited for the loan of specimens. The study was supported by funds from the Office of the National Estate, Tasmania, and the National Rainforest Conservation Pro- gram. REFERENCES Bratt, G.C. & Cashin, J.A. (1976) Additions to the lichen flora of Tasmania II. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. Galloway 0 D.L( 1985) Flora of New Zealand Lichens. (Wellington: Government Printer.) Hellbom, P.J. (1896) Lichenaea Neo-Zeelandica seu lichenes Novae Zeelandiae a Sv. Berggen anms 1874-75 collecti. Bihang K. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 21(3), 13: 1-150. Hooker J D. & Taylor, T. (1844) Lichenes Antarctici, being characters and brief descriptions ot the new lichens discovered inthe southern circumpolar regions, Van Diemen’s Land and New Zealand, during the voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. Jatta A (191 lAdchenes lecti in Tasmania a W. Weymouth. Boll. Soc. bot. ital. (1910): 253-260. Kant vilas, G. (1988a) A re-examination of John Shirley’s collection of Tasmanian Lichens. Pap. Proc. R.Soc. Tasm. 59-67. . . . . Kantvilas, G. (1988b) Tasmanian rainforest lichen communities: a preliminary classification. Rhyto- coenologia 16: 391-428. . , ,, Kantvilas, G. & James, P.W. (1991) Records of crustose lichens from Tasmanian rainforest. Myco- taxon 41: 271-286. . . McCarthy, P.M. (1991) Checklist of Australian Lichens. Fourth Edn. (Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria.) Nylander. W. (1888) Lichens Novae Zelandiae. (Pans: P. Schmidt.) Shirley, J. (1894) Notes on Tasmanian lichens. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. (1893): 214-219. Taylor T (1847) New lichens, principally from the Herbarium of W.J. Hooker. Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 6. 148-197. Manuscript received 6 July 1992 DILL WYNIA SIEBERI DISTINGUISHED FROM D. JUNIPERINA (FABACEAE: MIRBELIEAE) IN SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA David E. Albrecht 1 and Michael D. Crisp 2 ABSTRACT Albrecht, David E. and Crisp, Michael D. Dillwynia sieberi distinguished from D. juniperina (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) in south-eastern Australia. Muelleria 8(1): 47- 50 (1993). — Two species which hitherto have been confused under the name Dillwynia juniperina Lodd. are distinguished and described. The name D. sieberi Steudel is reinstated here for a species which occurs in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria, and a lectotype chosen for the name. D. juniperina sensu stricto occurs in Victoria and New South Wales. The possible occurrence of both species in Tasmania is discussed. INTRODUCTION During the course of servicing a routine identification enquiry at the National Herbarium of Victoria it became apparent that two species have been confused under the name Dillwynia juniperina Lodd. The two species concerned are readily distinguished by the mode of leaf attachment and no intermediates have been observed. We have applied the name D. juniperina sensu stricto to the species that has a scattered distribution in Victoria and occurs in a few sites in southern New South Wales, and have reinstated the name D. sieberi Steudel for the species that occurs in south-eastern Queensland, New South Wales and a restricted area in eastern Victoria. A key to distinguish D. sieberi from D. juniperina is given below. Dillwynia juniperina and D. sieberi both belong to a group within the genus (D. sect. Xeropetalum R. Br. ex Sims) which is easily distinguished by its abruptly narrowed (as opposed to tapered) calyx base and petals remaining persistent in fruit. Dillwynia juniperina and D. sieberi differ from the other south-eastern Aus- tralian members of this section viz. D. uncinata (Turcz.) J. Black, D. cinerascens R. Br., D. acicularis Sieber ex DC. and an unnamed species from the Gibraltar Range in northern New South Wales in having truly pungent leaves. It is curious that there are historical records of both species from Tasmania, yet contemporary evidence for either occurrence is lacking. Loddiges (1820) states that D. juniperina is a native of ‘van Diemen’s Island’, although he does not give a source for this information. In the Vienna herbarium (W), there is a specimen of D. sieberi collected by Bauer ‘ex insula van Diemen’, which is annotated by Ben- tham, and presumably used by him in part to describe D. juniperina Sieber ex Benth. (see synonymy of D. sieberi below). We have seen no other report of any pungent-leaved taxon of Dillwynia from Tasmania. The Student’s Flora of Tas- mania (Curtis 1975) describes none. Jasmyn Lynch (personal communication), who has recently made an extensive survey of Fabaceae occurring in Tasmania, is unaware of any such species occurring there. TAXONOMY Key to distinguish Dillwynia sieberi from D. juniperina 1 Most leaves widely spreading or declinate, sessile; new growth with an indumentum of short appressed and longer diverging trichomes 1. D. juniperina ‘National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141 Australia “Division of Botany and Zoology, Australian National University, GPO Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia 47 48 1* Most leaves ascending to widely spreading, rarely declinate, with a short yellowish petiole 0.4- 1.2 mm long; new growth with an indumentum of short appressed trichomes or rarely also with longer diverging trichomes 2. D. sieberi 1. Dillwynia juniperina Lodd., Bot. Cab. 5: t. 401 (1820). Type: ‘This plant is a native of Van Diemen’s Island, whence we received seeds of it in the year 1818.’ (specimen unknown; lecto, here chosen: the plate). Spreading shrub to 2 m tall with short appressed and frequently also longer diverging peltate trichomes on the branchlets, raceme axis, pedicels, bracts, brac- teoles, calyx and gynoecium. Leaves rigid, sessile, glabrescent, mostly widely spreading or declinate, linear-subulate, trigonous with a longitudinal adaxial groove, 6-15 mm long, 0. 6-0.9 mm wide, apex with a pungent point 0.7- 1.2 mm long; stipules minute, inconspicuous. Racemes terminating the main axes or short lateral branches, or in the upper axils, to 4.5 cm long. Pedicels to c. 3 mm long; bracts ovate, often minutely pungent, mostly 1 — 1.5 mm long but the lowermost sometimes leaf-like; bracteoles ovate, ± minutely pungent, 0.6-1 mm long, attached on the pedicel just below the base of the calyx tube. Calyx 3-4.5 mm long, abruptly narrowed at the base; lower lobes much shorter than the tube; upper lobes united into a broad emarginate lip. Corolla : yellow with reddish-brown markings; standard transverse-elliptic or depressed ovate, emarginate, 5.5-8 mm long (including 1.5-2 mm claw), 6.5-10 mm wide; wings obovate, auriculate, 5-8 mm long (including 1.5-2. 5 mm claw), 1.2-2. 5 mm wide; keel longitudinally half- ovate, auriculate, 4-5.5 mm long (including 1.5-2. 5 mm claw), 1.5-2 mm wide. Stamens with filaments 2-4.6 mm long; anthers versatile, 0.3-0. 5 mm long. Gynoecium 4-5 mm long including 0.3-0. 4 mm stipe and 1.5-2. 2 mm abruptly hooked style, glabrous towards the stipe base and style apex; stigma capitate; ovules 2. Pod ovoid, turgid, c. 5-6 mm long, surrounded by the persistent remains of the petals; seeds unknown. Flowering period: August to November. Fruiting period: Immature pods col- lected from November to January. Selected Specimens ( 38 specimens examined) New South Wales — South Western Slopes: Benambre State Forest, 1 5 km S of Culcairn, 35°45'S, 147°05'E, 4 Oct. 1978, J.G. Bricknelt 80 (NSW); Central Tablelands: 4 miles E of Abercrombie Caves near Barragan’s Mtn, 33°55'S, 149°22'E, 3 Oct. 1965, B.G. Briggs s.n. (NSW). Victoria — Riverina: Boweya Flora & Fauna Reserve, 12 Sep. 1985, A.C. Beauglehole 80363 (MEL, CBG, NSW); Midlands: Warby Range, c. 5 km direct NW of Mt Warby, 36°19'S, 146°1 l'E, 1 1 Oct. 1986, M.G. Corrick 9958 (MEL, NSW); Eastern Highlands: Rose Valley-Cheshunt Road, near Cheshunt, 36°51'S, 146°31'E, 10 Oct. 1 990, TJ. Entwisle 1 765 & S. Bodsworth (MEL, PERTH, CBG); East Gippsland: Timbarra River Natural Feature Zone, 1 4 Sep. 1 984, A.C. Beauglehole 77006 (MEL, Distribution New South Wales; Central Tablelands, Central Western Slopes and South Western Slopes botanical subdivisions. Victoria: Midlands, Eastern Highlands and East Gippsland natural regions (Conn 1993f). D. juniperina appears to be quite rare in New South Wales, where it is known only from near Culcairn, Trun- key and Bowan Park. In Victoria it has a disjunct distribution pattern, occurring in the Warby and Strathbogie Ranges, near Tallarook, Bruthen, Whitfield and Alexandra, and in the catchments of the Timbarra and Snowy Rivers. Habitat D. juniperina grows in dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands typically domi- nated by Box or Ironbark-type Eucalyptus species. Plants are found on hillsides or t 1:1 000 000 Colour map printed by National Herbarium of Victoria. 49 ridges where the soil is usually shallow and often skeletal. Most populations occur in areas where the underlying parent rock is granite. Discussion No type specimens of Loddiges are known. However, the published plate appears to be diagnostic for the species which has spreading to deflexed, sessile leaves, and accordingly we have applied the name to this taxon. In the absence of a specimen, we have chosen the plate as the lectotype. 2. Dillwynia sieberi Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 509 (1840); — Dillwynia cinerascens auct. non R. Br.: DC., Prodr. 2: 109 (Nov. 1825); — Dillwynia juniperina Sieber ex DC., Prodr. 2: 109 (Nov. 1825), nom. inval., pro syne, — Dillwynia juniperina Sieber ex Benth., Comm. Legum. Gen. : 15 (1837), nom. illeg., non Lodd. Type: Lecto, here chosen: Sieber 411 [G-DC, microhche seen; isolecto: BM (2 sheets), G, K (2 sheets), W (3 sheets), MEL (1 sheet)]. Erect or spreading shrub to 2 m tall with short appressed peltate trichomes and occasionally also similar but longer diverging trichomes on the branchlets, raceme axis, pedicels, bracts, bracteoles, calyx and gynoecium. Leaves rigid, glabrescent, mostly ascending to widely spreading or rarely some declinate, linear, trigonous with a longitudinal adaxial groove, 7-20 mm long, 0. 4-0.8 mm wide, apex with a pungent point 0.5-1. 5 mm long; petioles yellowish, 0.4-1. 2 mm long; stipules minute, inconspicuous. Racemes terminating the main axes or short lateral branches, or in the upper axils, to 2.5 cm long. Pedicels to c. 3 mm long; bracts ovate, often minutely pungent, most 1-1.5 mm long but the lowermost sometimes leaf-like; bracteoles ovate, ± minutely pungent, 0.7-1 mm long, attached on the pedicel just below the base of the calyx tube. Calyx 3-5 mm long, abruptly nar- rowed at the base; lower lobes occasionally minutely pungent, much shorter than the tube; upper lobes united into a broad entire or emarginate lip. Corolla : yellow to yellow-orange with reddish-brown markings; standard transverse-elliptic or depressed ovate, emarginate, 5.5-9 mm long (including 1.5-2 mm claw), 7-12.5 mm wide; wings obovate, auriculate, 5-9.2 mm long (including 1.5-2. 5 mm claw), 2-3.3 mm wide; keel longitudinally half-ovate, auriculate, 4.5-6 mm long (includ- ing 1.7-2 mm claw), 1.8-2. 3 mm wide. Stamens with filaments 2. 5-4. 5 mm long; anthers versatile, 0.4-0. 5 mm long. Gynoecium 3. 5-5.2 mm long including 0.3- 0.5 mm stipe and 1.2-2. 2 mm abruptly hooked style, glabrous towards the stipe base and style apex; stigma capitate; ovules 2. Pod ovoid, turgid, c. 5-6 mm long, surrounded by the persistent remains of the petals; seeds 3-3.5 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, dark brown-black; testa smooth; aril present. Flowering period: April to November. Fruiting period : Mature pods collected in December. Selected Specimens (c. 150 examined) Queensland — Darling Downs district: Racecourse Creek, 8 km NE of Wallangara, 28°52'S, 151°58'E, 25 Sep. 1973, l.R. Telford 3170 (CBG, K, L, A, BISH); Moreton district: Falls Creek, 4 km NW of W Haldon, 27°45'S, 152WE, 2 Oct. 1988, P.I. Forster 4747 & L.H. Bird (BRI, CBG, MEL). New South Wales — Central Coast: On the N side of the Old Pitt Town Road, 1 km from the Saunders Road intersection towards Scheyville Road, 33°37'S, 150°54'E, 19 Nov. 1986, M.M. Richardson 46, G. Butler & S. Corbett (CBG, MEL); Central Coast: Kemps Creek, 33°53'S, 1 50°47’30”E, 7 Sep. 1982, R.G. Coveny 11280&P. Hind (NSW, CBG); Northern Tablelands: Bakers Creek Falls, c. 20 km E of Armidale, 30°33'S, 1 5 1°54'E, 31 Oct. 1984, M.D. Crisp 75 1 1 & J.M. Taylor (CBG, MEL, NSW); Northern Tablelands: Gwydir Highway, 52.8 km E of Inverell, 29°44'S, 1 5 1°34’30”E, 1 0 Sep. 1 986, R.G. Coveny 12360 & J. Dalby (NSW, CBG); Southern Tablelands: 3 km from Bungonia along road to Goulburn, 34°50'S, 149°55'E, 24 Jul. 1988, M.D. Crisp 8197 (CBG, A, NSW); Southern Tablelands: 1.0 km along road to Captains Flat from the Kings Hwy turn-off, 35°21'S, 149°16'E, 25 Sep. 1986, M.D. Crisp 7847 & J.D. Briggs (CBG, JRAU, MEXU, MO); North Western Slopes, 2 km past Copeton Dam on road from Inverell towards Bingara, 3 Sep. 1975, B. Muffett M5/289 (CBG); Central Western Slopes: Mitchell Hwy, 15.7 km W of Dubbo on route to Nyngan 32°14'S, 148°23'E, 17 Aug. 1987, R.G. Coveny 12593, P. Cuneo & B. Weicek (NSW, CBG). ' 50 Victoria — Eastern Highlands: Headwater of Stony Creek on the Mt Margaret Track, 1 km due S from Mt Ronald, 37°37'S, 146°41'40”E, 28 Apr. 1992 , D.E. Albrecht 4964 & N.G. Walsh (MEL, C'BG, NSW, BRI). Distribution Queensland: Burnett, Darling Downs, Maranoa, Morton and Wide Bay pas- toral districts. New South Wales: Central Coast, South Coast, Northern Table- lands, Central Tablelands, Southern Tablelands, North Western Slopes and Central Western Slopes botanical subdivisions. Victoria: Eastern Highlands natural region. D. sieberi is relatively widely distributed in New South Wales, but in Queensland is confined to the south-eastern corner of the state, and in Victoria is restricted to the Macalister River catchment. Habitat D. sieberi typically grows in dry Eucalyptus or Callitris forests and woodlands, and often occurs on sites with exposed surface rock or skeletal substrates. How- ever, it also grows in more mesic sites such as moist sclerophyll forests, as is the case in some Victorian populations. Discussion Steudel ( 1 840) considered that de Candolle (1825) had misapplied the name Dillwynia cinerascens R. Br. to what was in fact an unnamed taxon. Therefore he provided the new name Dillwynia sieberi, based upon Sieber’s description. De Candolle cited only a single specimen, namely Sieber 411, which is extant in de Candolle’s herbarium in Geneva, and it is chosen here as the lectotype. It should be noted that Dillwynia juniperina Sieber ex DC., which was based upon this same specimen, is an invalid nomenclatural synonym of Dillwynia cinerascens R. Br., because de Candolle (Nov. 1825) cited it under that name. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Helen Thompson assisted with the compilation of nomenclatural infor- mation in this paper. REFERENCES Curtis, W.M. (1975), The Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Part 1’. 2nd ed. (T.J. Hughes, Government Printer: Tasmania.) Loddiges, C.L. (1820), Dillwynia juniperina. Bot. Cab. 5: t. 401. Manuscript received 28 July 1992. A NEW SPECIES OF PULTENAEA (FABACEAE) IN VICTORIA M.G. Corrick* ABSTRACT Corrick, M.G. A new species of Pultenaea (Fabaceae) in Victoria. Muelleria 8(1): 51-53 (1993). — Pultenaea victoriensis M.G. Corrick sp. nov. from western Victoria is described as new. PULTENAEA VICTORIENSIS Pultenaea victoriensis M.G. Corrick sp. nov. P. scabra R. Br. affinis foliis glabris, marginibus tuberculatis; stipulis adpressis, 1-1.5 mm longis; inflorescentia terminali flore singulari (raro floribus duobus), bracteis infernis persistentibus; bracteolis glabris, 3.5-5 mm longis; 1.5-2 mm latis differt. Typus: Victoria, Western Grampians, Victoria Range Track, 3-4 km south of its junction with Victoria Range Road, 14 Nov. 1991, M.G. Corrick 10793 (Holotypus: MEL; Isotypi: PERTH, CBG, HO, K). Shrub 0.5-3 m high, young branchlets covered with appressed tubercle based hairs, older branches becoming glabrous-tuberculate and finally glabrous. Leaves alternate; lamina more or less flat on upper surface with mid-rib depressed and margin slightly recurved; cuneate or obovate to oblong 4— 1 3(- 1 5) mm long x 2- 4(-5) mm wide, tip obtuse or emarginate with short, blunt, recurved mucro; upper surface shiny, minutely tuberculate towards the edges and round the margin; lower surface dull and paler than the upper, midrib prominent and minutely tuberculate; petiole 0.75-1 mm long, tuberculate and occasionally on young growth with a few short hairs which extend to the base of the undersurface of the leaf. Stipules 1 - 1 . 5(-2) mm long, appressed to the stem. In florescence usually of a single flower or rarely two at the tips of the short lateral branchlets. Bracts 6-9 per flower, broadly to narrowly ovate, 1.5-8 mm long x 1.5-5 mm wide, mid-brown, scarious, glabrous except for ciliate margins and a small pubescent patch at the base; bracts initially completely enclosing the developing bud but inner bracts deciduous at anthesis leaving 2-3 small outer bracts persistent. Calyx 6-8 mm long, densely covered with appressed silky hairs, lobes acuminate 1 .5-2 mm long, upper two lobes slightly broader and less deeply divided than lower three. Brac- teoles 3.5-5 mm long x 1.5-2 mm wide, mid-brown, scarious, glabrous except for ciliate margins and a few pale hairs at the base, inserted at about the middle of the calyx tube and extending beyond the tips of the calyx lobes. Standard 11-14 mm long x 11-14 mm wide, deep yellow with a pale patch at the base surrounded by dark red radiating lines, wings deep yellow 10-11 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide, keel petals dark red shading to cream at the base 10-11 mm long, 3-3.5 mm wide. Stamens 10, free, filaments 9-10 mm long. Ovary sessile, 2 ovulate, 2-2.5 mm long, style slender and gently curved 7-7.5 mm long, ovary and base of style densely covered with pale appressed hairs. Pod broadly and obliquely ovate 7-9 mm long, lower half pubescent and enclosed by the calyx, glabrous internally, seed obliquely ovoid 2.5-3 mm long x 2 mm wide, dark brown with aril intricately divided into a cluster of slender threads. (Fig. 1) Representative Specimens (total number examined 13) Victoria — Grampians, Victoria Range, Mt Thackeray, 26 Jan. 1969, A.C. Beauglehole 30350 (MEL); Castle Rock, 11 Dec. 1966, J.H. Willis & A.C. Beauglehole s.n. (MEL 663306); Victoria Range Track, 28 Nov. 1965, M.G. Corrick 5871a (MEL, PERTH). *7 Glenluss Street, Balwyn, Victoria, Australia 3103 51 52 Fig. 1 . Pultenaea victoriensis. a — flowering twig x 1 . b — stem section showing stipules x3. c — calyx opened out showing bracteoles x4. d — seed, side view x8. e — bract x4. f — wing petal x4. g — keel petal x4. h — standard x4. i — gynoecium x4. j — pod x4. a-i from M G. Corrick 10793 (MEL); j from M.G. Corrick 5807 (MEL). 53 Discussion Pultenaea victoriensis is confined to the upper rocky slopes of the Grampians’ Victoria Range between the Chimney Pot and Mt Thackeray above about 800 m altitude. This area is extremely rugged with most parts accessible only on foot. It is therefore likely to be more widely distributed here than present records show. Its habitat is steep rocky sandstone slopes usually with open forest of Eucalyptus baxteri, E. obliqua and Banksia saxicola with a dense shrub understorey; around Castle Rock (also known as The Fortress) it is found in open situations among rocks. It appears to be a favoured food of browsing macropods which may account for the small size and twiggy growth of plants exposed along the margins of tracks or in the crevices of rock platforms. This taxon has previously been regarded as a possible hybrid between P. scabra and P. benthamii or as a form of P. scabra (Corrick 1 984). However, P. victoriensis is distinctive in its usually single flowered inflorescence with persistent bracts and in the glabrous leaves with small stipules appressed to the stem. P. scabra and the hybrids differ in having an inflorescence of more than 2 flowers, usually 4 or 5 with all the bracts deciduous by the time the flowers are open. The leaves of P. scabra differ in being scabrid and hairy with longer, dark brown recurved stipules. The leaves of the hybrid populations show a gradation of variation between the parents but in all collections are hairy, at least on the lower surface. P. scabra is widespread in the Victoria Range but does not appear to occur above about 800 m altitude, at least in the type locality of P. victoriensis. P. benthamii is recorded only in the southern Victoria Range near Brown’s Creek. No hybrid populations have been observed there. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Jim Ross for advice and for allowing me continued access to the facilities and collections at MEL, to Neville Walsh for the Latin diagnosis and to Anita Barley for executing the accompanying illustration. REFERENCE Corrick, M.G. (1984) Bush-peas of Victoria — genus Pultenaea Sm. Fabaceae — 20. Victorian Natu- ralist 101: 200-203. Manuscript received 1 9 August 1 992. NOTES ON PULTENAEA GUNNII Benth. (FABACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES FROM VICTORIA M.G. Corrick* ABSTRACT Corrick, M.G. Notes on Pultenaea gunnii Benth. (Fabaceae) in Australia and description of a new subspecies from Victoria. Muelleria 8(1): 55-56 (1993). — Pultenaea gunnii in Australia is discussed and several names are reduced to syn- onymy. A new subspecies, P. gunnii subsp. tuberculata, is described from Victoria. It is noted that P. gunnii subsp. gunnii collected from southern New South Wales in 1837 has not subsequently been recorded in that state. INTRODUCTION Pultenaea gunnii is a polymorphic species within which several varieties have been described; apart from one distinctive population from the Brisbane Range in Victoria, these have proved impossible to circumscribe when viewed against the range of variation exhibited in currently available collections of which over 250 have been examined. Some existing names are therefore reduced to synonymy under P. gunnii and a new subspecies from the Brisbane Range is described. P. gunnii is widespread in Tasmania and in central and eastern Victoria. It was also collected in New South Wales by Mueller from ‘barren ranges near Mount Imlay’, in September 1860, but has apparently not been collected subsequently from that locality. TAXONOMY Pultenaea gunnii Benth. in Comm. Legum. Gen. 18 (June 1837). Type: ‘Van Diemen’s land Gunn’. (Possible Syntypes: (2 sheets) MEL 1600255 and 504796). P. gunnii Benth. var. prostrata Hook.f. FI. Tasmaniae 1:88 (May 1856). Type: not clearly designated. P. gunnii Benth. var. erecta Hook.f. FI. Tasmaniae 1:88 (May 1856) nom. illeg. as this appears to be the type variety. P. gunnii Benth. var. baeckeoides Rodway. The Tasmanian Flora p. 33 (1903). Type: ‘on dry hills’. (Possible Syntype: MEL 35439). P. gunnii Benth. var .flava Ewart in Viet. Nat. 24: 1 90 (Apr. 1 908). Holotype: Wandin, 11 Oct. 1907, P.R.H. St John (MEL 627540). P. gunnii Benth. var. planifolia F. Muell. ex Williamson, in Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 32 (ns.) Pt. 2 : 215 (1920). Lectotype (here selected): Mueller s.n., no date or locality (MEL 1600288; see notes below). P. baeckeoides A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Comm. Leg. Gen. 19 (June 1837). Type: Van Diemens Land, A. Cunn. COMMENTS Williamson’s publication of P. gunnii var. planifolia F. Muell. cites the type as a ‘broad-leaved form from Badger Head, Tas.’ There are two sheets in MEL labelled var. planifolia in Mueller’s hand-writing; both are undated and without locality details. On one of these sheets there is also a fragment (presumably broken from the main specimen) which was recovered from Williamson’s Herbarium. This fragment is labelled ‘var. planifolia ’ in Williamson’s hand-writing. There is *1 Glenluss Street, Balwyn, Victoria, Australia 3103. 55 56 one other old collection in MEL from Badger Head ( Stuart 959) determined by Williamson as P. gunnii Benth. but the specimen does not ht in with what I believe was Mueller’s and Williamson’s concept of the var. planifolia. It seems likely that the locality ‘Badger Head’ in Williamson’s protologue may have been a slip of the pen. I have therefore chosen as the lectotype the sheet carrying annotations by both Mueller and Williamson. NEW SUBSPECIES Pultenaea gunnii Benth. subsp. tuberculata M.G. Corrick subsp. nov. ab ullo forma subspeciei typicae foliis parvis elipt ids (1.5-3 mm longis, 1-1.5 mm latis), margine piano tubercuto crasso levitur, pagina supera tuberculata et costa in pagina inferna prominenti differt. Typus: Victoria — Brisbane Range, Switch Track, 1.5 km south of junction with McLeans Highway, 1 Nov. 1991, M.G. Corrick 10790 (Holotypus: MEL; Isotypi: PERTH, CBG, HO, NSW, K.) Representative Specimens (total number examined 13) Victoria — Brisbane Range, beside Aeroplane Track near its junction with Mistletoe Track, 12 Jan. 1992, M.G. Corrick 10798 (MEL); Anakie, 26 Oct. 1923, A.C.F. Gates 638 (MEL); 12 km SW of Bacchus Marsh, near Reids Road, 1 1 Nov. 1976, T.B. Muir 5477 (MEL). Distribution This taxon is confined to the rocky slopes and ridges of the Brisbane Range in Victoria in Eucalyptus sideroxylon, E. obliqua, E. macrorhyncha mixed forest. Key to the subspecies of Pultenaea gunnii 1 . Leaves usually widest below the middle, margin recurved; upper surface of leaf glabrous, smooth or slightly wrinkled, lower surface with pale, loosely appressed hairs (rarely glabrous); mid-rib obscure subsp. gunnii 1 . Leaves widest at the middle, leaf margin thickened and tuberculate, but not recurved, upper surface of leaf tuberculate, lower surface glabrous; midrib prominent subsp. tuberculata ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Jim Ross for advice and for continued access to the collections and facilities at MEL, to Terry Macfarlane for advice, to Neville Walsh for the Latin diagnosis and to the Curator of HO for the loan of specimens. Manuscript received 19 August 1992 NOTES ON ISOETES AND TMESIPTERIS IN VICTORIA R.J. Chinnock* ABSTRACT Chinnock, R.J. Notes on Isoetes and Tmesipteris in Victoria. Muelleria 8(1): 57- 60 (1993). — A new species of Isoetes, I. pusilla Marsden & Chinnock, and a new subspecies, I. drummondii subsp. anomala Marsden & Chinnock, are described and illustrated. Tmesipteris obliqua Chinnock is also described as a new species and replaces T. billardieri Endl. an illegitimate name. INTRODUCTION The second volume of the Flora of Victoria is expected to be published in the latter part of 1993, before Volume 48 (Gymnospermae and Pteridophyta) of the Flora oj Australia. For this latter work I have prepared treatments of a number of fern and fern-ally groups some of which contain new taxa and three of these are required for use in the Flora of Victoria so they are here treated formally. ISOETES F. In 1979 C. Marsden, who had undertaken a morphological and taxonomic study of Isoetes in Australasia and surrounding areas, submitted a doctoral thesis to the University of Adelaide. Unfortunately this work, which included a number of new species and taxa of lower rank, was never formally published but with the permission of Dr Marsden I have prepared a modified treatment of the Australian species for the Flora of Australia based on his thesis. I have not altered in any way his concepts in Isoetes with the exception of raising a variety to subspecies. 1. Isoetes pusilla Marsden & Chinnock, sp. nov. Isoetes pusilla Marsden ex Britton & Brunton, Fern Gaz. 14, 2:79 (1991) nom. nud. Herba amphibia parva, cormo bilobo vel trilobo; foliis 4-8, spiratim depositis, flexibilibus; fibris peripheralibus et pilis internis absentibus; stomatibus praesentibus; ligula late triangula; labio absenti; sporangiis ellipticis ad orbiculatis, translucentibus; velamene sporangium tegenti; microsporis superficiebus proximalibus laevibus, superficie distali spinea; megasporis typis I, 0.35-0.45 mm diametro; superficiebus proximalibus cristis humilibus acutis anastomosantibus, superficie distali reticulata, in sicco alba vel cana. Typus: Victoria, Mt Pilot Scenic Reserve, N of Beechworth, 8 Dec. 1973, A.C. Beauglehole 43797 (Holotypus: AD; Isotypus: MEF). Small amphibious herb. Conn very small, 0.3-0.5 cm in diam., 2- or 3-lobed, lobes small. Roots brownish, thin and wiry. Leaves 4-8, 2-6 cm long ± erect or recurved, light green with pale bases. Peripheral fibre strands and internal hairs absent, stomates present. Lacunar walls 1-2 cells thick, translacunar diaphragms clearly visible (fresh or dried) through leaves. Leaf bases dilated into translucent membranous wings 4-5 mm across at base and extending a short distance along the leaf margins above the sporangium, tapering gradually. Ligule minute, tri- angular, broader than long, c. 0.75 mm across. Labium absent. Velum present, pale, translucent, usually completely covering the sporangia. Sporangia very small, orbicular to elliptic, 1.5-2 x 2-3 mm, megasporangia containing 10-20 megaspores. Sporangial wall thin, translucent, wall cells not thickened, rarely pig- mented. Megaspores monomorphic, Type I (see Marsden 1976, p. 42) only pro- duced, 345-435 pm in diam., white or pale grey when dry, ornamented on both *State Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia 5000 57 58 Fig. 1. Isoetes pusilla. a — proximal view, b — side view, c - distal view of megaspore. Drawn from scanning electron micrographs of isotype (MEL). proximal and distal faces by narrow, low, sharp,' anastomosing ridges, becoming reticulated on distal faces (Fig. lc), megaspore surface covered by a matted mesh- work bearing recurved spinules. Tri-radiate ridges straight, narrow and high, semi-bladelike, covered with recurved spinules like spore surface. Commissural ridges straight, very narrow and low, produced to small points where tri-radiate ridges adjoin. Microspores rusty brown in colour, 28-33 x 20-25 pm, distal faces covered with ± conical spines, proximal faces ± smooth or with slight projec- tions. (Fig. la-c) Distribution and Ecology Isoetes pusilla is known only from Victoria. Very little has been recorded concerning the habitat and growth cycle of populations of I. pusilla. This species is only recorded from shallow rock pools, and according to Marsden (1979) appears to follow a similar growth pattern to 1. muelleri from the same areas. Notes Isoetes pusilla resembles I. muelleri but differs in having a more angular ornamentation on the megaspores and producing only monomorphic spores. In addition, I. pusilla usually produces microspores whilst in I. muelleri they are extremely rare. Plants of I. pusilla are usually smaller than those of I. muelleri, although the size of plants of the latter species is very variable. The specific name pusilla refers to the small stature of this species. Specimens Examined Victoria — Near Minyip, Wimmera, Nov. 1892, J.P. Eckert (AD, MEL); Hawkesdale, Sep. 1903, M B. Williamson (LE); Chiltern, Nov. 1910, II. li. Williamson (MEL); Beechworth, Dec. 1922, II. B. Williamson (CANB). 2. Isoetes drummondii subsp. anomala Marsden & Chinnock, subsp. nov. Isoetes drummondii var. anomala Marsden ex D. Britton & D. Brunton, Fern Gaz. 14, 2:73 (1991) nom. nud. Ab subspecie typica megasporis irregulari Typi III aliquot Typi I, microsporis absentibus chromosomatum numero 4n = 44, 5n = 55 differt. Typus: South Australia, Comaum Forest Reserve, swamp in centre of pines near Arleena, 19 Dec. 1973, C.R. Marsden 33 & K.M. Alcock (Holotypus: AD; Isotypi: MEL, NSW). Corm 2-(3-) lobed. Sporangia : megasporangia only produced, orbicular to obovate not usually as elongate as in subsp. drummondii up to 5 x 8 mm, con- 59 Fig. 2. Isoetes drummondii subsp. anomala. a — proximal view of megaspore. Drawn from scanning electron micrograph, b-c proximal and distal view of megaspore, a-c based on holotype. taining c. 50-200 megaspores. Megaspores irregular, mostly Type III with a few Type I produced. Megaspores tuberculate, tubercles usually crowded and sometimes confluent into short cristae. Megaspore covered with dense spinules. Commissural ridges as for subsp. drummondii. Microspores not observed. (Fig. 2a-c) KEY TO SUBSPECIES 1 Megaspores regular, Type I only; megasporangia and microsporangia pro- duced subsp. drummondii 1. Megaspores irregular, mostly Type III with a few Type I; microsporangia not produced subsp. anomala Specimens Examined Western Australia — Gnarlbine Rock, 16 Sep. 1975, R.J. Chinnock P1093 (AD); Petruda Rocks, E of Pithara, 23 Jul. 1971, N.G. Marchant 71/310 (AD) South Australia — 4 km SW of Wandilo, Mt Gambier Forest Reserve, 1973, B. Grigg (AD); Comaum Forest Reserve, 19 Dec. 1 973, C.R. Marsden 33 & K.M. Alcock (AD) (Type); W of Durr Swamp, Southeast, 23 Dec. 1973, K.M. Alcock (AD). Victoria — 2.5 km N of Beechworth on Wodonga Rd., 2 Nov. 1952, E.J. McBarron 5931 (NSW); Hawkesdale, Feb. 1904, H.B. Williamson (AD); Warm- willah, March 1904, H.B. Williamson (MEL); 5.5 km NNW of Creswick, 3 Jan 1953, J.H. Willis (MEL); Chiltern, Dec. 1910, s.dat. (LE). New South Wales — 5 km S of Gregory, 24 Dec. 1952, E.J. McBarron 5905 (NSW). Notes Whether /. drummondii subsp. anomala is a good subspecies or a interspecific hybrid is not yet certain. However, Britton & Brunton (1991) hold the view that this taxon is probably of hybrid origin. It is pentaploid*, lacks microspores and has Type 3 megaspores (irregular dumbell-shaped and large monolete forms) which are all indicative characteristics of known Isoetes hybrids (eg. Brenton & Taylor 1 990, Button & Brunton 1991). Furthermore they consider that although Isoetes drummondii subsp. drummondii is cited only as a diploid (Marsden 1979) micro- pore and megaspore size ranges suggest that populations with higher ploidy are involved. They consider a hidden allotetraploid may be in the complex and that subsp. anomala could be the result of a cross between the undescribed 4x (unreduced) and 2x drummondii although a wider cross is not ruled out. 'Marsden (1973) recorded the subspecies as pentaploid but in 1979 he also recorded it as a tetra- ploid. 60 The epithet refers to the abnormal condition of this subspecies which does not produce microspores and has largely Type III megaspores. TMESIPTERIS Bernh. Tmesipteris obliqua Chinnock, sp. nov. T. billardieri Endl., Prod. FI. Norf. 6 (1833) nom. illeg. Surculi aerii 1 5-70 cm longi, unici vel semel furcate, pendentes vel plus minusque erecti, foliis spiralibus, 2 vel 3 per cm, 1 2-28 mm longis, 4- 1 2 mm latis, oblongo-lanceolatis, basibus obliquis apicibus truncatis ad emarginatis raro aliquot obtusis. Synangium biconicum, 5-9 mm longum. Type: Tasmania, below Russel Falls, Mt Field National Park, Dec. 1974, R.J. Chinnock P1007 (Holotype: AD; Isotype: HO). Plant epiphytic or rarely terrestrial. Aerial shoots 1 5-70 cm long, continuing growth for several years but eventually terminated by a small sterile or sporoge- nous leaf, unbranched or occasionally forked once, pendulous or rarely suberect, lower portion of shoot below leaves ribbed only on one side. Leaves spirally arranged, 2-3 per cm, 12-30 mm long, 4-12 mm wide towards base, broadly oblong-lanceolate, base oblique with adaxial margin parallel to branch near base and then abruptly projecting away from it, apex truncate to emarginate, rarely some obtuse, mucronate, surfaces shiny. Synangia at intervals along stem or towards tip, biconic, gradually tapering, persistent, 5-9 mm long, length c. 3 times height, n = c. 200, 203-210, 208-214, H.N. Barber, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 82: 203 (1957). Long fork-fern. Distribution and Ecology Tmesipteris obliqua extends from southern New South Wales through Vic- toria and Tasmania where it is common on the trunks and bases of tree-ferns, Todea barbara and in humus accumulations on banks and around tree bases. In terrestrial situations the shoots become suberect but curved in the distal part. Notes Unfortunately Endlicher (1833) included Psilotum truncatum R. Br. in the synonymy of his new species T. billardieri thus making the name illegitimate. Tmesipteris obliqua is the largest and most robust of the Australian species with aerial shoots attaining lengths of up to 70 cm although shoots of 20-40 cm are more commonly encountered. The leaves, which can be up to 12 mm wide, have very oblique bases and the specific epithet is derived from this feature. Selected Specimens Victoria — Kallista, Monbulk Forest, 15 Jun. 1958, R. Schodde 779 (AD, CANB); Aire River, base of Phillips track, 19 Oct. 1984, R.J. Chinnock 6478 (AD, MEL). New South Wales — Mt Wilson, 1 4 Apr 1953, R. Melville 3 7 75 & M.D. Tindale (K, MEL); 10 km NNW of Bemboka, 2 Oct. 1982, I.R. Telford 8852 (AD, CBG, NSW). Tasmania — Derwent, no date. R. Brown (Bennett No. 1 22) (MEL 52375); Mt Wellington, 8 Jan. 1931. E.A. Atkinson 5§(CANB); Brittons Swamp, 21 km SW of Smithton, 29 Nov. 1974, R.J. Chin- nock P965 (AD. HO). REFERENCES Britton, D.M. & Brunton, D.F. (1991a). Isoetes x hickeyi in Canada. Fern Gaz. 14: 17-22. Britton, D.M. & Brunton, D.F. (1991b). The spores and affinities of Isoetes taiwanensis. Fern Gaz. 14: 73-81. Marsden C.R. (1973). The genus Isoetes in South Australia. B.Sc. Honors thesis. Department of Botany, Adelaide (unpublished). Marsden C R. ( 1 976). Morphological variation and taxonomy of Isoetes muelleri A.Br. J. Adelaide Bot. Card. 1:37-54. Marsden C.R. ( 1 979). Morphology and taxonomy of Isoetes in Australasia, India, north-east & south- east Asia, China & Japan. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Botany, Adelaide (unpublished). Manuscript accepted 14 September 1992 A NEW SPECIES OF CALLISTEMON R. Br. (MYRTACEAE) FROM EAST GIPPSLAND W. Molyneux* ABSTRACT Molyneux, W. A new species of Callistemon R. Br. (Myrtaceae) from east Gipps- land. Muelleria 8(1): 61-64 (1993). — Callistemon forresterae is described. Its relationship with Callistemon subulatus is discussed, and a discussion is entered into on the secondary role of the nectary/staminal ring. An illustration is provided. INTRODUCTION This is the first of a number of apparently new species of Callistemon from eastern Gippsland to be described. Like this species, they have remained mainly uncollected, or sparingly so, often due to the remoteness of their localities, and the limited numbers of plants in populations. This species is described from material collected or subsequently propagated from a single specimen, which was first col- lected by the author as an ‘unusual form of C. subulatus a confusion caused by habitat and proximity in growing close to this last named species. All measurements and observations are taken from living material, from both the original collection and from subsequent second and third generation plants grown on the author’s property. TAXONOMY Callistemon forresterae W. Molyneux sp.nov. C. subulato E. Cheel affinis cortice grisea chartacea, foliis largioribus, costa prominenti in paginis ambabus foliorum, conflorescentia longiore malvina, floribus numero plus, staminibus numero plus 12(13-15)17 mm longis, fructibus largioribus et florescentia longiore differt. Typus: Victoria, Upper Genoa River, Gippsland, below the New South Wales border, 37°16'S, 149°22'E, Apr. 1980, W.M. Molyneux and S.G. Forrester sn\ Holotypus: MEL; Isotypi: NSW, CANB. Shrub, erect, compact, ± 1.2 metres tall and ± 1 metre wide, with a single straight main stem; branches erect; new growth sericeous pink with short, mostly reclining hairs, soon becoming green. Bark hard, papery, grey, whiter and tightly wrapped at base of stem. Leaves moderately dense, spreading at ± 45° to stem and branches, petioles twisted, aligning leaves more or less edge ways on to stems; lamina flexible, coriaceous, broadly linear to linear lanceolate, mucronate, often falcate, 22(33-43)55 mm long, 2. 5(3.0 & 4.0)5 mm wide, mid-vein slightly raised and discernible on both surfaces, margins thickened, rounded, secondary ven- ation not apparent, oil glands dark, scattered on both surfaces. Conflorescence usually distally frondose, held above horizontal or drooping, averaging 74 flowers per head, 60(90-120)120 mm long, 38(42-46)50 mm wide, rachis with short medium density sericeous hairs; green leaf-like bracts with red irregular markings, densely villous at base, regularly interrupt and attend flowers in upper end of spike, usually in top one third, as occasionally do leaves, but neither consistently; bracts dry chaffy brown, deciduous at or before anthesis. Perigynium 6-7 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, hirsute with short erect white hairs; sepals chaffy, 1 mm long, 1.8 mm wide; petals green, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, with thin white mar- gins. Stamens 16(20)26 per flower, 12(13-15)17 mm long; filaments free, mauve; *Belfast Road, Montrose, Victoria, Australia 3765. 61 62 ii Fig. 1 . Calliste mon f orr ester ae a — Flowering branch x0.8. b — Fruiting group x0.8. c — Single fruit wh ic h is tnlocular and sutured x2.5. d — Anther, front view x25. e — Anther, back view x25’ 1 — Style end, pollen presenter x20. anthers 0.8 mm, purple, gland obvious. Ovary trilocular, densely sericeous on summit c. 1 mm across, and c. 1 mm below rim; style nearly straight or curving, exceeding stamens by 3-10 mm, mauve, 17(20-22)24 mm long, hardly expanded behind the shallowly capitate pollen presenter, persistent after stamens fall. Nec- tary (staminal ring) expands soon after stamen drop to partially close over and 63 protect part of ovary summit. Fruit squat, often truncate, 5-8 mm wide, 4-6 mm deep, densely packed on stems, orifice 0.75-1.75 mm wide, 1 mm deep, not appearing to shed up to 8 years. (Fig. 1) Flowering time Mid-October to mid-January; possibly autumn. Distribution and Habitat Known with certainty from one collection as ‘an unusual Callistemon subu- latus ’ by W.M. Molyneux and S.G. Forrester found growing out of a rock bar on the west bank of the Genoa River, less than 1 metre above autumn water levels. C. subulatus is not uncommon in this region, growing similarly on rock bars and on higher ground near water. In discussing comparisons between C. forresterae and C. subulatus mention needs to be made of a possible anomaly in a distribution record of the latter. Willis (1973, p. 451) comments that C. subulatus is a . . .“riparian shrub ±4 ft high, from Nowa Nowa eastwards”. I am not aware of C. subulatus further west than Cann River, some 1 20 km to the east of Nowa Nowa, and there are no records from the Snowy River, a water- way which could support its riparian habit. A compact form of C. citrinus does grow at Nowa Nowa on Ironstone Creek, but this is unlikely to be mistaken for C. subulatus, the Nowa Nowa record of which is most likely a case of an incorrect locality recording. Notes and Table The following table compares major differences between C. forresterae and C. subulatus ; while not included in this table, C. linearifolius shows affinities to both compared taxa. Table of Comparisons between Callistemon forresterae and Callistemon subulatus C. forresterae Upright shrub ± 1.2 m tall, ± 1 m wide, with hard grey papery bark, becoming whiter and tightly wrapped at base of stem. Leaves broad linear to linear lanceolate, often falcate, petioles twisted at ± 90° Mid-vein raised on both surfaces, oil glands dark, scattered on both surfaces. Faintly citrus smell when crushed, 22(33-43)55 mm long, 2.5(3 & 4)5 mm wide. Conflorescence erect horizontal or drooping. Av. 74 flowers per head, 60(90-120)120 mm long, 38(42-46)50 mm wide. Perigynium 6-7 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, hirsute with short erect white hairs; sepals chaffy, 1 mm long, 1.8 mm wide. Petals green with fine white margins, 4 mm long, 2.5 mm wide. Stamens 16(20)26 per flower, mauve, 12(13-15)17 mm long; anthers purple, 0.8 mm. Style nearly straight or lightly curved, mauve, 1 7(20-22)24 mm long, exceeding stamens by 3-10 mm, hardly expanded behind shallowly capitate pollen presenter. C. subulatus Arching shrub ± 1 m tall, ± 1.2 m wide, with hard dark grey interwoven bark. Leaves linear, mostly 90° to stems, petioles not twisted or hardly so. Mid-vein obvious on lower surface, grooved, numerous small yellow or green oil glands on both surfaces. Faintly offensive smell when crushed, 15(23-28)41 mm long, 1(1 —2)3 mm wide. Conflorescence pendant or drooping. Av. 56 flowers per head, 40(45 and 75)75 mm long, 30(34 and 48)48 mm wide. Perigynium 4-5 mm long, 2 mm wide, glabrous; sepals white or reddish, 1 mm long, 1.2 mm wide. Petals green, cupped, 3 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Stamens 14(16-18)19 per flower, crimson, 8(12-20)20 mm long; anthers crimson, 1 mm. Style straight or curved, crimson, 10(10-19 & 21-22)23 mm long, exceeding stamens by 2-3 mm or often of same length, expanded abruptly behind shallowly capitate pollen presenter. 64 Floral bracts leaf-like, green with red markings, villous at base, drying chaffy, deciduous either at or before anthesis, interrupt and attend flowers in the upper one-third of spike. Not consistent. Leaves occasionally interrupt spikes in upper one-third. Flowering mid-Oct. to mid-Jan., possibly autumn. Capsules squat, often truncate, 5-8 mm wide, 4-6 mm deep, orifice 0.75-1.75 mm wide, 1 mm deep, densely packed on stems; not shedding up to 8 years. Cultivation notes: At 8 years a tall upright to slightly weeping multi-stemmed (3-8) shrub to 2.5 m tall, 2-2.2 m wide. Diameter of each individual stem c. 180 mm at 30 cm above ground level. Suckers from roots if damaged. Floral bracts absent, or if present then filiform, reddish, with long fine white hairs, becoming deciduous at or before anthesis, or upper end of spike consistently interrupted by leaves. Flowering early Nov. to late Dec., variable. Capsules wine-glass shaped to squat, 2.5-4 mm wide. 2-4 mm deep, orifice 1-3 mm wide, 1 mm deep, densely packed to crowded on stems. Often shedding after 4 years. Cultivation notes: At 8years a small arching shrub, weeping, mostly a single but occasionally multiple (2-4) stemmed shrub to 1-1.2 m tall, 1-1. 5 m wide. Diameter of stem c. 170 mm at 30 cm above ground level. Etymology The specific epithet recognises one of the co-collectors of this new species, Susan Glen Forrester, and her contribution to horticulture, her writing and illustrating. Discussion on secondary role of nectary/staminal ring The filaments are attached to the top of an irregularly shaped ring in the throat of the floral tube, which is also the source of nectar. It would seem that nectar either rises up or is forced by pressure into the base of the filaments which are broader than upper parts of filaments, often more lightly coloured and, I would assume, porous. It is through this porous part of the filament that nectar exudes and sits in the bottom of the tube totally immersing the top of the ovary. When pollination is complete, filaments fall and nectar flow ceases with a consequent drying-up of the general area. Prior to or concurrent with the style falling, the nectary/staminal ring commences to grow inward, to eventually form a partial shield over the top of the ovary, its eventual size determining the aperture. In longitudinal section, this closing over forms a variable sized aperture, either almost closed or obviously open between what was the dome of the ovary and the former underside of the nectary/staminal ring, and whereas the apices of the capsules of C. forresterae are easily distinguished, in other species they are often densely hairy. My guess on the function of these mechanisms is that they protect the ovary, assist temperature control to limit dessication, and deny entry to predators likely to raid seed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are to be given to Dr Roger Spencer, with whom many discussions have been had on Callistemorr, to Neville Walsh for willingly providing the Latin diagnosis; and to Sue Forrester for her illustrations and typing of the manuscript. REFERENCE Willis, J.H. (1973) ‘A Handbook to Plants in Victoria. Vol. 2: Dicotyledons.’ (Melbourne University Press: Carlton.) p. 451. Manuscript accepted 5 October 1 992. A NEW SPECIES OF MARSILEA L. (MARSILEACEAE) FROM AUSTRALIA David L. Jones* ABSTRACT Jones, David L. A new species of Marsilea L. (Marsileaceae) from Australia. Muelleria 8(1): 65-67 (1993). — Marsilea costulifera is described and illustrated with notes on distribution and habitat. INTRODUCTION The opportunity is taken here to formally describe an entity related to Mar- silea angustifolia R. Br., to facilitate use of the new name in the ‘Flora of Victoria’. Chinnock (1978) was the first to recognize the distinctiveness of this taxon and his interpretation has been followed in other publications (Chinnock 1 986, Duncan & Isaac 1986), although Andrews (1990) treated M. angustifolia in the broad sense while noting the comments of Chinnock. TAXONOMY Marsilea costulifera D.L. Jones sp. nov. M. angustifoliae R. Br. affinis sed habitu robusto minore, foliolis brevioribus oblanceolatis vel cuneatis, squamis sporocarpiorum parvioribus et sporocarpiis minoribus costatis valde et con- cavis dorsaliter differt. Holotypus: New South Wales: Gilgunnia, 32°25 , S, 145°56'E, 31 Dec. 1903, W. Baeuerlen 3175 (NSW). Rhizomatous perennial fern forming patches; rhizomes slender, creeping, rooted at nodes, much-branched, glabrous except at the tips, bearing sterile fronds and sporocarps. Sterile fronds arising in clusters at nodes, erect on plants growing in mud, floating when growing in water; stipes 1-12 cm long, glabrous or hairy; juvenile sterile fronds often with a single small obovate leaflet; mature sterile fronds with 4 leaflets; leaflets oblanceolate to cuneate, 1 — 12 mm long, 1-5 mm wide, glabrous or sparsely hairy, outer margin entire, flat to shallowly rounded, arranged unequally at the apex of the stipe. Sporocarps clustered, borne singly on unbranched pedicels, 2.5-3 mm long, 1.8-2 mm wide, c. 1 mm thick, at right angles to the pedicel, brown, densely scaly, distinctly ribbed, apex broadly rounded, upper surface concave, one basal tooth prominent, the apex of the pedi- cel forming a second less-prominent, tooth-like protruberance; pedicels 1-2 mm long, more or less shorter than the sporocarp, glabrous or scaly. (Fig. 1) Representative Specimens (55 collections examined, all at Herb. NSW) (an additional 36 collections are located at MEL ed.) New South Wales — Cumberoona Reserve, Bowna, 35°57'S, 147°07'E, 18 Apr. 1948, E.J. McBarron 168 T, Corowa Rd, Albury, 36°02'S, 146°42'E, 16 Oct. 1947, E.J. McBarron 1 759; ‘Pelora’ c. 80 km north-west of Louth, 30°18'S, 144°40'E, 22 Sep. 1978, C.W.E. Moore\ Mulwarrina Ck, Mul- gowan Station, south of Bourke, 30°33'S, 145°49'E. 17 Oct. 1963, E.F. Constable 4567B\ Cobar township. 31°30'S, 145°50'E, 11 Nov. 1969, E.J. McBarron 18421A; Doonside, 33°46'S, 150°52'E, Apr. 1967, R. Coveny s.n.\ c. 5 km north-east of ‘Noonarah’ homestead, 30°08'S, 143°56'E 40ct 1971 J.C. De Nardi 909.' Victoria — (the following collections at MEL have not been seen by the author but have been added to indicate the distribution of this species in Victoria ed.) -33 miles W of Mildura, 25 Oct. 1 972, A.C. Beauglehole 40647; Lake Powell, 16 km SE of Robin vale, 4 May 1977, AC. Beauglehole 56162- c. 2 km ESE of Toolern Vale, Dec. 1988, I. Tankard s.n.; Wyperfield National Park Vh miles SW of *Australian National Botanic Gardens, P.O. Box 1777, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601. 65 66 Fig. 1. Marsilea costulifera D. Jones, a — portion of a plant, b — sporocarps. c — base of frond showing arrangement of leaflets, d — leaflet, e — portion of young plant showing juvenile fronds, (a-d from the Type collection; e from Booberoi Ck, NSW, K.L. Wilson 5848). WongaHut, 18Sep. 1968 ,A.C. Beauglehole 28492\ Barmah State Park, 28 Sep. 1985 ,A.C. Beauglehole 8 1281'. Upper Glenelg River, c. 3 miles below Cherry Pool, 6 Mar. 1948, J.II. Willis s.n. South Australia — Upper Murray River, Swan Reach, 34°34'S, 139°35'E, 19 May 1974, R.J. Chinnock P899\ above Renmark, near junction of Chowilla Ck and Moolamon Ck, 38°05'S, 140°42'E, 13 Sep. 1979, D.E. Symon 1 1581. Queensland — Gilruth Plains, Cunnamulla, 28°04'S, 145°41'E, 7 July 1949, R. Roe s.n. Distribution and Habitat Coastal and inland localities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. Grows in mud on the verges of swamps and billabongs, in shallow water and less commonly among grass in moist depressions. 67 Notes This species can be distinguished from M. angustifolia by its much less robust habit, with sterile fronds to 1 2 cm long (to 30 cm long in M. angustifolia ), shorter, relatively broader, oblanceolate to cuneate leaflets (narrowly cuneate in M. angus- tifolia), smaller scales on the sporocarps and smaller (2.5-3 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm), distinctly ribbed sporocarps which are usually concave on the upper surface (5.5 mm x 4 mm x 2.5 mm, shallowly and indistinctly ribbed and upper surface convex in M. angustifolia). M. angustifolia is strictly tropical in its distribution in Western Australia and the Northern Territory, whereas M. costulifera is widespread from subtropical to temperate regions. The distributions of each do not overlap. Conservation Status Widely distributed, locally common and probably well conserved. Etymology From the Latin costula, diminutive of rib, ferens, carrying, bearing; in refer- ence to the distinctive small ribs on the sporocarps. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank Neville Walsh (MEL) for preparing the Latin diagnosis, Mark Clements (CBG) for commenting on the manuscript and Corinna Broers (CBG) for technical assistance. REFERENCES Andrews, S.B. (1990). ‘Ferns of Queensland’. (Queensland Department of Primary Industries: Brisbane.) pp. 239-43. Aston, H.I. (1973). ‘Aquatic Plants of Australia’. (Melbourne University Press: Carlton.) pp. 35-41. Chinnock, R.J. (1978). Pteridophyta. In Jessop. J.P., ‘Flora of South Australia’ Third Edn. (Govt Printer: Adelaide.) Chinnock, R.J. ( 1 986). Pteridophyta. In Jessop, J.P.&H.R. Toelken, ‘Flora of South Australia’ Fourth Edn. (Govt Printer: Adelaide.) pp. 100-2. Duncan, B.D. & Isaac, G. (1986). ‘Ferns and Allied Plants of Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia’. (Melbourne University Press: Carlton.) pp. 218-23. Revised manuscript accepted 22 October 1992 THE STATUS OF RECENTLY NAMED ORCHIDS FROM SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA Mark A. Clements* ABSTRACT Clements, Mark A. The status of recently named orchids from south-eastern Aus- tralia. Muelleria 8 ( 1 ): 69-72 ( 1993 ). — The status of orchid taxa described in two recent publications is determined based on a study of the types. Caladenia for- mosa G.W. Carr, C. flavovirens G.W. Carr, C. fulva G.W. Carr, C. venusta G.W. Carr, C. verrucosa GW. Carr, C. versicolor G.W. Carr and Gastrodiaprocera G.W. Carr are respectively conspecihc with the following which are here reduced to synonymy; Caladenia haemantha D. Jones, C. beaugleholei D. Jones, C. demissa D. Jones, C. floribunda D. Jones, C. rigens D. Jones, C. aerochila D. Jones and Gastrodia entomogama D. Jones. Caladenia dilatata R. Br. subsp. villosissima G.W. Carr, C. montana G.W. Carr, C. oenochila G.W. Carr, C. simulans G.W. Carr and Chiloglottis grammata G.W. Carr are conspecihc with and here respect- ively reduced to synonyms of Caladenia tentaculata Schldl., C. fitzgeraldii Rupp, C. lindleyana (H.G. Reichb.) M. Clements & D. Jones, C. dilatata R. Br. and Chiloglottis gunnii Lindley. INTRODUCTION In 1991 one hundred and thirty new names for Australian orchids were pub- lished in two separate publications. In February 1991 Carr published new names for twenty two taxa in the genera Caladenia , Chiloglottis and Gastrodia from Victoria in a publication entitled ‘Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association Mis- cellaneous Paper No. 1 (1991)’ (Carr 1991). Two months later the descriptions of one hundred and eight new species and natural hybrids in the genera Acianthus, Arthrochilus, Caladenia , Chiloglottis , Corybas, Dipodium, Diuris, Gastrodia, Genoplesium and Prasophyllum , from all over the continent, were published by Jones in the second volume in the monographic series ‘Australian Orchid Research’ (Jones 1991). The contrast in presentation between these two publi- cations is enormous. Carr’s publication contained the names of the new taxa, a brief Latin diag- nosis, a type citation, a list of representative specimens examined, distribution, notes, conservation status and etymology sections. There are no botanical descrip- tions for any of the new taxa and only one is illustrated, that on the front cover of the publication. By comparison, the paper by Jones consisted of the full descrip- tions, a Latin diagnosis, a type citation and illustration of all taxa, and in some cases colour plate of the new species. Irrespective of these differences in presen- tation, study of the texts reveals that a number of species have apparently been described by both authors. VALIDITY OF THE PUBLICATIONS AND TAXA In accordance with the relevant articles of the International Code of Botan- ical Nomenclature (ICBN) both publications are valid and meet the requirements as places for the publication of new plant names. In both cases the new names contained within have been validly published although in the case of Carr’s paper, only the minimum needed to validate a new name has been provided. There are also many factual and orthographic errors throughout the Carr text and two names, Caladenia formosa and C. parva, are missing from the abstract. The ♦Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT 2601. 69 70 meagre descriptions and lack of illustrations make it difficult for anyone, without access to the types, to determine accurately the correct application of these new names. Despite its shortcomings, Carr’s publication predates that of Jones by two months, so where the same species was described by both authors, Carr’s name has priority. The purpose of this paper therefore is to enunciate the status of Carr’s taxa and to determine which of the species described by Jones (1991) and other authors are affected by his work. TAXONOMY Caladenia australis G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 2-3 (8 Feb 1991). Caladenia reticulata auct. non Rupp: Nicholls, Orchids Aust. 67, t. 250 (1969). Caladenia dilatata R. Br., Prod. 325 (1810). Type: ‘Port Dalrymple’, R. Brown s.n. (lectotype specimen (a) BM!). Notes: A recent re-examination of the type of Caladenia dilalata R. Br. plus comparison with fresh material from Tasmania has confirmed that Brown’s name should be correctly applied only to a late flowering species with restricted distribution in Tasmania and southern Vic- toria. C. simulans and C. corynepetala are undoubtedly the same species and accordingly are here reduced to a synonym of C. dilatata. Clarification of the status of C. dilatata is the subject of another paper (Clements and Jones in prep). [■ Caladenia simulans G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 14-15 (8 Feb 1991), syn. nov.]. [Caladenia corynepetala D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 22-23, f. 24, t. (1991), syn. nov.] Caladenia dilatata R. Br. subsp. villosissima G.W. Carr = Caladenia tentaculata Schldl. Caladenia fitzgeraldii Rupp, Victorian Naturalist 58: 199 (1942). [ Caladenia montana G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 4 (8 Feb 1991). syn. nov.] Notes: I have examined a number of collections of Caladenia fitzgeraldii from New South Wales and the ACT, including material collected from near the type site near Bathurst, and compared them with the type of C. montana. The two taxa are without doubt conspecihc and C. montana is accordingly here reduced to a synonym of C. fitzgeraldii. Caladenia formosa G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 4 (8 Feb 1991). Notes: Carr compares his new species with C. patersonii R. Br. and stated that it ‘differs in being more robust with wholly dark reddish-purple flowers which are larger in all parts’. In fact there is overlap in size of flowers of these two species but the distinguishing features are clearly defined and illustrated by Jones under C. haemantha. C. formosa is actually more closely allied to C. concolor Fitzg. and has been interpreted as that species until the present. [Caladenia haemantha D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 26, t., f. 29 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.] Caladenia patersonii R. Br. var. concolor auct. non Fitzg.: J. Weber & R. Bates in Jessop & Toelken, Flora South Aust. Part IV: 2072 (1986). Caladenia flavovirens G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 4-5 (8 Feb 1991). Notes: Previously confused with C. pallida Lindley; recent field studies have confirmed that C. beaugleholei D. Jones is synonymous (J. Jeanes pers. comm.). [Caladenia beaugleholei D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 16-17, f. 16 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.] [Caladenia pallida auct. non Lindley: Nicholls, Aust. Orch. t. 256 (1969).] Caladenia fragrantissima D. Jones et G.W. Carr subsp. orientalis G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 6-7 (8 Feb 1991). 71 Caladenia arenaria auct. non Fitzg.: Nicholls, Vic. Nat. 56: 123-124, f. (1939); Caladenia patersonii R.Br. var. arenaria (Fitzg.) Nicholls, Vic.Nat. 59:1 89 ( 1 943). Caladenia fulva G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 7-8 (8 Feb 1991). Type: Tronbark Reserve near Stawell, 37° 45'S., 143° 07’ E., Victoria Victorian plant grid J2, 16.x.l989,P. Branwhite s.n. (holotype: MEL; isotype CBG)’. Notes: The type of this species has never left ANBG (CBG) since being collected by Peter Branwhite and forwarded to Canberra. Carr, who has never seen the type, gave virtually identical collection details to those pro- vided by Jones in a manuscript of his 1991 paper sent to MEL in November 1990. The two type citations are quoted here for the purpose of compari- son. [Caladenia demissa D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 24, t., f. 26 (5 April 1991). Type: ‘Victoria; Ironbark Reserve, near Stawell, 37° 45'S, 143° 07'E, 16 Oct- ober 1989, P. Branwhite s.n. (holo CBG; iso CBG, MEL).’, syn. nov.] Caladenia insularis G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 7-8 (8 Feb 1991). Caladenia lindleyana (H.G. Reichb.) M. Clements & D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 1 : 27 (1989). Caladenia patersonii R. Br. var. lindleyana H.G. Reichb., Beitr. Syst. Pflan- zenk. 66 (1871); Caladenia filamentosa auct. non R. Br.: Lindley, Gen. sp. orchid, pi. 421 (1840). [Caladenia oenochila G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 1 1-12 (8 Feb 1991), syn. nov.] Note: The spreading habit of the lateral sepals and petals, narrowing labellum apex, and sigmoid calli in four rows and gen- eral yellow background colour of the flower with a red labellum, are all characters that readily identify C. lindleyana from its close ally C. patersonii R. Br. These are the same characters found in C. oenochila and therefore there can be no doubt that the species described by Carr is conspecific with C. lindleyana (D. Jones pers. comm.). Caladenia lowanensis G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 9- 1 0 (8 Feb 1991). Notes: One of the most distinctive species from the C. reticulata Fitzg. group named by Carr and at present known only from one site in the Victorian mallee. Caladenia montana G.W. Carr = Caladenia fitzgeraldii Rupp Caladenia oenochila G.W. Carr = Caladenia lindleyana (H.G. Reichb.) M. Clem- ents & D. Jones Caladenia parva G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 12-13(8 Feb 1991). Caladenia robinsonii G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap (IV 13-14 (8 Feb 1991). Caladenia simulans G.W. Carr = Caladenia dilatata R. Br. Caladenia tensa G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 15-16 (8 Feb 1991). Notes: A poorly understood species the existence of which has long been known in South Australia. It is one of a number of species within the C. tentaculata Schldl. complex. Caladenia tentaculata Schldl., Linnaea 20: 571 (1847). Type: ‘Lofty Range’, O Behr ex herb. W. Sonder s.n. (holo ?B+; lectotype specimen (41b) K-L! vide Clements, 1989). [Caladenia dilatata R. Br. subsp. villosissima G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 3-4 (8 Feb 1991), syn. nov.] Notes: Carr com- pares this taxon with C. dilatata and makes the comment that it may be difficult to distinguish them apart in some instances. Caladenia dilatata subsp. villosissima however shares features with several species within the C. dilatata complex and indeed is inseparable from C. tentaculata Schldl. sens, lat. and is accordingly here reduced to a synonym of it. Caladenia thysanochila G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc Pap (!)• 72 16-17(8 Feb 1991). Notes: Despite the fact that this species is currently only known from two plants it does appear to be distinct from all others in the genus and warrants the status it has been allocated pending further investi- gation. Caladenia venusta G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 17-18 (8 Feb 1991). [Caladenia floribunda D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 25-26, f. 28 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.]. Caladenia verrucosa G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 18-19, t. (8 Feb 1991). [Caladenia rigens D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 32, t., f. 38 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.]. Caladenia versicolor G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 1 9-20 (8 Feb 1991). [Caladenia aerochila D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 1 3, t., f. 1 3 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.]. Gastrodia procera G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. ( 1 ): 22-23 (8 Feb 1991). [Gastrodia entomogama D. Jones, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 63, t., f. 82 (5 April 1991), syn. nov.]. Chiloglottis grammata G.W. Carr = Chiloglottis gunnii. Chiloglottis gunnii Lindley, Gen. Sp. Orchid. PI. 387 (1840). [Chiloglottis grammata G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 20—2 1 (8 Feb 1991), syn. nov.] Note: Carr’s taxon is without doubt con- specific with C. gunnii Lindley sens. str. and is here reduced to a synonym of it (D. Jones pers. comm.). Chiloglottis platychila G.W. Carr, Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. (1): 21-22 (8 Feb 1991). CONCLUSIONS Of the 21 names published by Carr, eight affect the work of Jones and these have been reduced to synonymy of Carr’s species. In addition, five taxa described by Carr are conspecific with others already described elsewhere and are here accordingly reduced to synonyms of those names. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The production of this paper was in part supported through funding from the Nell and Hermon Slade Trust and the Australian Orchid Foundation. I also wish to thank David Kay, David Jones, and Bob Makinson for commenting on the manuscript. I am also most grateful to Jim Ross, Acting Chief Botanist at MEL, for the loan of the relevant types. REFERENCES Clements, M.A. (1989). Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae, Aust. Orch. Res. 1: 1-160. Carr, G.W. (1991). New taxa in Caladenia R. Br., Chiloglottis R. Br. and Gastrodia R. Br. ( Orchida- ceae} i from south eastern Australia. Indig. Flora & Fauna Assoc. Misc. Pap. No. 1., Mel- Jones, D.L. (1991). New taxa of Australian Orchidaceae species. Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 1-208. Revised manuscript accepted 22 October 1992 NEW SPECIES OF PTEROSTYLIS R. Br. (ORCHIDACEAE) FROM VICTORIA AND NEW SOUTH WALES David L. Jones and Mark A. Clements* ABSTRACT Jones, David L. and Clements, Mark A. Muelleria 8(1): 73-83 (1993). — Ptero- stylis aenigma, P. basaltica, P. cheraphila, P. chlorogramma, P. planulata and P. smaragdyna from Victoria and P. petrosa from southern New South Wales (all Orchidaceae) are described as new. INTRODUCTION As part of continuing research into the systematics of Australian Orchidaceae (Clements 1989, Jones and Clements 1989a, 1989b, Jones 1991), the following species of Pterostylis R. Br. are described as new. All are from south-eastern Aus- tralia, with the majority being endemic to Victoria. The descriptions facilitate the preparation of the accounts of the genus for the ‘Flora of Victoria’ and ‘Flora of Australia’. TAXONOMY Pterostylis aenigma D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. cucullatae R. Br. sed habitu graciliore, flore majore angulosiore, sepalo dorsali et petalis multo longioribus, sepalis lateralibus angustioribus minus scabridis cum apicibus filiformibus longioribus, iabello longiore angustiore multo curvato, et stigmate longiore angustiore differt. Typus: Victoria, Knocker Track, Omeo, 37°06'S, 147°36 , E, 11 Dec. 1989, R. Clark s.n. (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, MEL). Tuberous, terrestrial herb growing in small groups. Rosette semi-basal around the scape to cauline; leaves 3-4, oblong-elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, 4-6 cm x 15-18 mm, mid green to dark green, entire, obtuse; petioles 4- 1 0 mm x 2-3 mm, narrowly winged. Scape 15-28 cm tall, slender, smooth. Sterile bract 3-5 cm x 10-14 mm, linear-lanceolate, sheathing at the base. Fertile bract similar. Ovary 10-12 mm long, strongly ribbed. Flower solitary, 40-44 mm long, translucent white, striped and suffused with green and brown; galea gibbous at the base then erect before bending forwards, then flat or slightly decurved to the apex. Dorsal sepal 5. 5-6.4 cm x 1 8-22 mm, inflated at the base then constricted and tapered to the acute apex, white with a dark median stripe, green margins and a green apex. Lateral sepals erect, loosely embracing the galea; sinus protruding as a slight bulge when viewed from the side, deeply ve-eed when viewed from the front; conjoined part 18-20 mm x c. 10 mm, narrowed to c. 4 mm across at the base, pale brown with darker stripes and suffusions, the ventral surface minutely scabrid, the upper margins inrolled, gradually tapered into the free points; free points 25-36 mm long, linear-tapered, involute, erect, held high above the galea. Petals 4-4.5 cm x 7-8 mm, obliquely linear-lanceolate, slightly falcate, subacute, central part white, rest green or brown; flange c. 1.3 mm across, flat, obtuse. Labellum erect, curved forwards prominently in the distal third, the apex protruding prominently through the sinus in the set position; lamina 18-21 mm x 3.5-4 mm, linear to linear-elliptical, tapered to the obtuse apex, dark chocolate brown throughout; callus c. 1 mm across, slightly raised, expanded at the apex; basal appendage 5-5.5 mm long, linear, shallowly curved, apex penicillate. Column 1 8-20 mm long, bent away from the ovary at about 50 degrees then erect, green. Column wings 6-7 mm *Australian National Botanic Gardens, GPO Box 1777, Canberra, ACT, Australia 2601. 73 74 f-i Pterostylis smaragdvna f — flower from side, g — flower from front, h — labellum flattened out, from above, i — labellum from side, (drawn from the type collection), j-m Pterostylis chlorogramma . j — flower from side, k — flower from front. 1 — labellum flattened out. from above, m — labellum from side, (drawn from the type collection) long; basal lobe 3-3.3 mm x c. 2 mm, green, at an angle of about 40 degrees, apex obtuse, inner margins incurved, sparsely adorned with short white cilia; mid section c. 3.5 mm long, dark green; apical lobe c. 1.4 mm long, linear, subacute. Stigma 9-1 1 mm x c. 2 mm , linear-oblong, raised. Anther c. 2 mm long, shortly rostrate. Pollinia 2. 4-2. 6 mm long, linear-clavate, falcate, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 1 a-e) 75 Distribution and Habitat Known with certainty only from the vicinity of the type locality in Victoria. The Victorian habitat is mountainous and the species grows on flats along the floodplain of a stream in tall open forest, with a few plants occurring on moist slopes in small side gullies. Soils are grey to brown clay loams. Flowering Period November and December. Notes This species has been confused with P. cucullata R. Br. but has much smaller leaves, a thinner scape and larger, more angular flowers in which the labellum protrudes prominently from the sinus. Other floral differences include a much longer dorsal sepal and petals, narrower and less scabrid lateral sepals with longer free points, a longer, narrower, more prominently curved labellum and a longer, narrower stigma. The two species occupy different habitats with P. cucullata growing mainly in coastal and near-coastal habitats, although it does extend some distance inland in Victoria. Some collectors have suggested that the new species may be of hybrid origin perhaps involving P. cucullata and P. furcata Lindley. Although both species grow in the general area, only P. furcata grows in the immediate vicinity and the new species is represented by several small but actively reproducing colonies. Conservation Status Of restricted occurrence but poorly known and apparently some plants re- cently damaged by herbicides; suggest 2VK by criteria of Briggs & Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Latin aenigma, obscure, puzzling, baffling; in reference to the puzzling origin and distribution of this species. Pterostylis basaltica D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. excelsae M. Clements a qua floribus manifeste variegatae; sepalis lateralibus latioribus; labelli setis paucioribus brevioribus, lobo basali multo majore et apice producto, differt. Typus: Victoria: near Woorndoo, 37° 55'S, 142° 57'E, 31 Dec. 1991, P- Barnett s.n. ( D.L . Jones 8689 ) (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, MEL, AD). Solitary, tuberous, terrestrial herb. Leaves elliptical, 15-28 mm x 6-9 mm, 8-15 in a stem-encircling, radical rosette, usually senescent at flowering. Inflor- escence 9-25 cm tall, slender to moderately stout, with 3-5 sheathing, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate stem leaves 1 5-30 mm x 7-9 mm. Floral bracts 10-20 mm long ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, closely sheathing. Pedicels 8-30 mm long. Ovary 6-9 mm long. Flowers 1-15, transparent with green or greenish-brown suffusions, porrect to semi-erect; galea gibbous at the base, curved uniformly, decurved suddenly to the apex; proximal flanges of petals separated and not touching at the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 12-14 mm long, cucullate, obliquely erect, abruptly decurved in distal third, 3 brown lines prominent, apical point 6-9 mm long, filiform, acuminate, straight or usually upcurved. Lateral sepals deflexed, green to greenish-brown with translucent areas; conjoined part flat or shallowly concave, 6-7 mm x 9- 1 2 mm, the margins slightly thickened, with a few short clear cilia on the exterior surface; sinus narrow, the segments divergent; free points 12-15 mm long, filamentous, deflexed, c. 5 mm apart at the tips. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 14-16 mm x 5-6 mm, slightly falcate, acuminate, transparent with brown lines, dorsal ridge with numerous cilia, proximal flange poorly devel- oped. Labellum highly irritable on a curved claw c. 3.5 mm long; lamina more or less ovate, 4. 5-5. 5 mm x 2.7-3 mm, greenish to brownish, moderately thin, con- stricted in the proximal quarter, widest at base and near the middle, narrowed to a 76 somewhat drawn-out, subacuminate apex; lateral margins with 6-8 pairs of white, obliquely erect trichomes, the proximal pair longest (c. 3 mm long), widely spread- ing; basal lobe whitish, swollen, with 4 trichomes c. 1 . 5 mm long; underside with a narrow deep central channel extending nearly to the apex, bordered by a white siliceous band. Column 12-14 mm long, curved. Column wings c. 3 mm x 2 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, ciliate. Stigma 5. 5-6. 5 mm x c. 2 mm, narrowly elliptical, upper margin coarsely crenate. Anther c. 2 mm long, obtuse. Pollinia c. 2 mm long, linear-clavate, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 2 a-d) Distribution and FIabitat Endemic to south-western Victoria. Grows among rocks on basalt outcrops which are scattered in grassland and sparse woodland, often with Acacia para- doxa, in red-brown loam. Grasses predominate in the habitat, particularly Themeda triandra, and the orchids can be difficult to discern at flowering time. Flowering Period November to January. Notes This species, part of the Pterostylis excelsa complex, can be distinguished from P. excelsa by its generally broader flowers (especially the lateral sepals), prominent markings and the labellum which has fewer, shorter marginal trich- omes, a much larger basal lobe and the mid-lobe tapers to a drawn-out apex. It is one of very few species of the ‘rufa’ group to grow on soils of basaltic origin. Conservation Status Apparently uncommon to rare, perhaps restricted to roadside verges and not conserved (P. Barnett pers. comm.); suggest 2E according to Briggs and Leigh (1989). Etymology In reference to its apparent prediliction for growing on basaltic soils. Pterostylis cheraphila D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. maximae M. Clements et D. Jones sed foliis brevioribus angustioribus rosulatis; floribus minoribus nitentibus brunneis; et labello minore, anguste ovato ad ovato. Typus: Victoria: Wimmera River, near Dimboola, 36°25'S, 141°59'E, 20 Oct. 1989, P. Branwhite s.n. ( D.L . Jones 5333) (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, MEL). Solitary, tuberous, terrestrial herb. Leaves linear-ovate to linear-elliptical, 6- 22 mm x 3-6 mm, sessile to subsessile, obtuse to acute, 6-12 in a radical, stem- encircling rosette, usually senescent at flowering. Scape 6-25 cm tall, slender to moderately stout, with 3-5 closely sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acumi- nate stem leaves. Floral bracts 12-25 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, closely sheath- ing, acute to acuminate. Pedicels 10-22 mm long, slender. Ovary 8-10 mm long. Flowers 1-7, transparent with dark reddish-brown suffusions in the galea, shiny, porrect to semi-erect; galea strongly gibbous at the base, more or less gently curved, although somewhat flattened at the top, decurved suddenly to the apex; proximal petal flanges widely separated and not closing off the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 13-17 mm long, cucullate, obliquely erect, abruptly decurved in the distal quarter, apical point 7-1 1 mm long, filiform, long-acuminate, porrect to upcurved. Lateral sepals deflexed, reddish brown, shiny; conjoined part shallowly concave, 6-8 mm x 10-14 mm, the margins slightly incurved, with numerous white trichomes c. 0.5mm long; sinus very narrow, the lobes divergent; free points 77 Fig. 2. a-d Pterostylis basaltica a — flower from side, b — - flower from front, c — labellum flattened out, from above, d — labellum from side, (drawn from the type collection), e-h Pterostylis cheraphila e — flower from side, f — flower from front, g — labellum flattened out, from above, h — labellum from side, (drawn from the type collection). i-1 Pterostylis planulata i — flower from side, j — flower from front, k — labellum flattened out, from above. 1 — labellum from side, (drawn from the type collection). 1 0-23 mm long, filamentous, more or less parallel. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 14-18 mm x 5-6 mm, acuminate, transparent with brown lines, dorsal ridge with numer- ous trichomes, proximal flange poorly developed. Labellum obovate-elliptical, 6-7 mm x 3-3.5 mm, dark brown, thin textured, constricted in proximal quarter, widest near the middle, margins irregularly scalloped, apex obtuse; lateral margins 78 with 9-12 pairs of stiff white, spreading trichomes c. 1.5 mm long; basal lobe raised, sloping backwards, a pair of prominent erect trichomes c. 3 mm long aris- ing near the constriction; underside with a narrow, deep, central channel extend- ing nearly to the apex, bordered by a band of pale siliceous cells. Column 16-18 mm long, curved. Column wings c. 4 mm x 3 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, ciliate, barrier cilia moniliform, entire. Stigma 6-7 mm x c. 2.5 mm, narrowly elliptical, margins more or less undulate. Anther c. 1.5 mm long, obtuse. Pollinia c. 2 mm long, linear-clavate, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 2 e-h) Distribution and Habitat Apparently endemic to north-western Victoria growing along the banks of the Wimmera River in riverine woodland dominated by Eucalyptus largiflorens. The soil is a cracking grey clay to silty clay. Flowering Period October and November. This species has many similarities to P. maxima M. Clements and D. Jones. It can be distinguished from that species by its shorter, narrower rosette leaves, smaller, glossy brown flowers and a smaller, narrower labellum. The habitat occu- pied by each species is very different. Whereas P. maxima grows in well-drained, often stony soils in open forest and mallee scrub, P. cheraphila by comparison is found in riverine forest in heavy textured clays and silty clays. These sites are within the floodplain of the river and whole colonies of this orchid become sub- merged at peak floods. This is a most unusual habitat for a representative of this group of orchids. Conservation Status Although locally common this species is very restricted in distribution and is conserved in a National Park; suggest 2RC according to Briggs and Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Greek cheras, alluvium, silt, detritus, philo, loving; in reference to the silty soils where the species grows. Pterostylis chlorogramma D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. longifoliae R. Br. sed planta robustiore; floribus majoribus distincte vittatis; petalorum jugis marginalibus ad basin galeae prominentibus; et labello majore smaragdino, lobo basali truncato. Typus: Victoria; near Grantville, 38°24'S, 145°32'E, 21 August 1991, G. Glare s. n. ( D . L. Jones 7585 ) (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi; CBG, MEL). Terrestrial tuberous herb. Rosette a separate plant, on a slender stalk 2-6.5 cm tall; leaves 3-6, 10-23 mm x 3-5 mm, linear-lanceolate to narrow-ovate, dark green above, smooth and paler beneath acute, sessile or shortly petiolate. Flower- ing plants 20-45 cm tall. Stem leaves 5-9, 2-6 cm x 3-6 mm, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, sessile, obliquely erect to spreading, dark green above, paler beneath, margins recurved, apex acute, sheathing at the base. Floral bracts 8-14 mm x 4-7 mm, ovate, acuminate, closely sheathing. Pedicel 8-20 mm long, straight. Ovary 5-6 mm long, dark green, smooth to slightly verrucose. Flowers 1—7, 15-18 mm long, obliquely erect, pale translucent green with darker green stripes, somewhat shiny; galea curved throughout, curving downwards from above the middle and then suddenly near the apex; petals with broad proximal flanges which block off the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 15-18 mm x c. 10 mm, more or less ovate, inflated in the proximal half then tapered to the apex; apical point c. 1 mm long. 79 brownish. Lateral sepals deflexed, oblong, 13-16 mm x 6-7 mm, slightly curved forwards near the apex, inner surface minutely scabrous; sinus narrow, lobes divergent; free points 4-5 mm long, 5-6 mm apart at the apex, green or brownish. Petals 14-16 mm x 2.5-3 mm, slightly falcate; central ridge prominent; proximal posterior flange c. 2 mm across, well-developed, obtuse; distal posterior flange c. 0.5 mm wide; anterior flange 2.5-3 mm wide, transparent, margins entire. Label - lum narrowly oblong, c. 7 mm x 2.5-3 mm, slightly constricted in distal third, emerald green with a dark green basal mound and central callus, rarely wholly brownish green; basal mound c. 2 mm thick, prominent, erect, apex truncate, covered with beaded siliceous cells; lateral lobes c. 5-5.5 mm long, moderately well developed, ridged and somewhat spreading in the distal half, covered with beaded, siliceous cells, a few protruding clear, acicular cells to 0.3 mm long on the proximal margins; mid-lobe c. 1.7 mm long, the apex strongly upcurved, pale green, covered with beaded siliceous cells, densely margined with clear, short aci- cular cells; apex notched for c. 0.5 mm, the lobes divergent. Column c. 1 4 mm long, curved, green. Column wings c. 3 mm x 3 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, with numerous flat cilia c. 1 mm long; upper lobe c. 0.6 mm long, ovoid, obtuse. Stigma c. 6 mm x 1.8 mm, narrow-elliptical, apex broadly notched, distal margins crenulate. Anther c. 1.4 mm long, shortly rostrate. Pollinia c. 1.8 mm long, linear-oblong, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 1 j-m) Distribution and Habitat Apparently endemic to south-eastern Victoria. Grows in moist open forest among herbs and shrubs in shallow, grey-brown clay loams. Flowering Period July to September. Notes P. chlorogramma has affinities with P. smaragdyna D. Jones & M. Clements but has smaller, narrower flowers which are much paler with prominent dark green stripes. It also has narrowly oblong lateral sepals and a smaller, narrower labellum with smaller, less protruding lateral lobes. These differences become obvious when flattened labella of the two taxa are compared (see Fig. 1). P. chlor- ogramma can be distinguished readily from P. longifolia R. Br. by its much larger flowers, petals with prominent flanges which block off the base of the galea and a much larger, emerald green labellum. Conservation Status Apparently of restricted distribution and uncommon to rare. Known to be conserved in Wilson’s Promontory National Park but threatened by gravel extrac- tion activities at other sites (G. Glare pers. comm.). Suggest status of 3 VC by criteria of Briggs & Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Greek, chloros, green, gramme, line; in reference to the prominent green lines on the flowers. Pterostylis petrosa D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. bisetae Blackmore et Clemesha sed planta multo breviore; galea latiore; sepalorum apicibus brevioribus filamentosis; sepalis lateralibus latioribus; petalis majoribus; et labello longiore angustiore elliptico ad paene oblongo. Typus: New South Wales; The Rock, JSNb'S, 147°07'E, 7 December 1988, A.E. Logan s.n. (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, NSW). Solitary, tuberous, terrestrial herb. Leaves narrowly elliptical to narrowly obovate, 15-25 mm x 6-9 mm, sessile to subsessile, obtuse to subacute, 6-10 in a 80 sparse radical rosette, usually senescent at flowering. Scape 9-15 cm tall, slender to moderately stout, with 2-4 closely sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acu- minate stem leaves. Floral bracts 10-23 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, closely sheathing, acute to acuminate. Pedicels 14-20 mm long, slender. Ovary 8-10 mm long. Flowers 1-8, transparent with broad brown lines and reddish brown patches in the galea and sepals, porrect; galea gibbous at the base, shallowly curved, decurved suddenly to the apex; proximal petal flanges widely separated and not closing off the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 1 8-20 mm long, cucullate, obliquely erect, abruptly decurved in distal third, reddish brown with darker lines and transparent areas, apical point 8-10 mm long, filiform, long acuminate, porrect to upcurved. Lateral sepals deflexed, reddish brown with darker lines and trans- parent areas; conjoined part deeply concave, 6-8 mm x 14-16 mm, the margins thickened and slightly incurved with numerous white trichomes c. 1 mm long; sinus narrow, the lobes divergent; free points 14-20 mm long, filamentous, more or less parallel. Petals ovate-lanceolate, 16-19 mm x 5-6 mm, long-acuminate, curved at the base, transparent with red-brown lings, dorsal ridge with numerous trichomes, proximal flange poorly developed. Labellum highly irritable on a curved claw c. 3.5 mm long; lamina oblong-elliptical, 7-9 mm x 3-3.5 mm, brown, thin-textured, constricted in proximal third, widest above the middle, margins irregularly scalloped, apex broadly obtuse; lateral margins with 9-12 pairs of stiff, white, spreading trichomes c. 1 .2 mm long; basal lobe slightly raised, sloped back- wards, a pair of prominent, erect trichomes c. 3 mm long arising near the constriction; underside with a narrow, deep, central channel extending nearly to the apex, bordered by a band of pale, siliceous cells. Column 17-19 mm long, more or less straight. Column wings c. 4 mm x 3 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, ciliate; barrier cilia moniliform, entire. Stigma 8-10 mm x c. 3 mm, oblong-elliptical, margins irregularly crenat c. Anther c. 1.2 mm long, obtuse. Pollinia c. 2 mm long, linear, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 3) Fig. 3. Pterostylis petrosa . a — flower from side, b — flower from front, c — labellum flattened out, from above, d — labellum from side, (drawn from M. A. Clements 4066) 81 Distribution and Habitat Apparently endemic to southern New South Wales where it occurs on dis- junct rock outcrops in the Riverina District. It grows in sandy loams in rock crevices and ledges under sparse forest. Flowering Period September to November. Notes This species, part of a complex around P. biseta Blackmore and Clemesha, can be distinguished by its shorter growing habit, wider galea, shorter free points on the sepals, larger petals and a longer, oblong-elliptical to elliptical labellum. Conservation Status Of restricted distribution but conserved; suggest 2EC by criteria of Briggs and Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Greek petrosa, rocky, stony; in reference to the habitat and also an oblique reference to the type locality. Pterostylis planulata D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. bisetae Blackmore et Clemesha sed planta multo graciliore floribus minoribus virid- ibus; labelio oblongo-ovoideo ad oblongo-obovoideo viride ad basin minus constricto; et sepalis ubi unitis vadose concavis vel fere planis. Typus: Victoria; Mt. Zero, northern end of the Grampians, 36°54'S, 142°22'E, 26 November 1991, P. Branwhites.n. ( D.L . Jones 859 1){ Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, MEL). Solitary, tuberous, terrestrial herb. Leaves 18-30 mm x 4.5-8 mm, linear- elliptical to linear-ovate, sessile to subsessile, subacute to acute, 5-8 in a sparse radical stem-encircling rosette, usually senescent at flowering. Scape 10-20 cm tall, slender, with 3 or 4 closely sheathing, ovate to lanceolate, acute to acuminate stem leaves. Pedicels 10-24 mm long, slender. Ovary 5-7 mm long. Flowers 1-7, transparent with green darker green lines and patches in the galea, porrect; galea gibbous at the base, more or less gently curved, decurved suddenly to the apex; proximal petal flanges nearly closing off the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 12-15 mm long, cucullate, obliquely erect, abruptly decurved in distal quarter, green with dark green lines and transparent areas, apical point 20-30 mm long, filiform, long acuminate, porrect to decurved. Lateral sepals deflexed, green with dark green lines and transparent areas; conjoined part very shallowly concave to almost flat, 6-8 mm x 4-5 mm, the margins slightly incurved, with numerous white trichomes c. 1 mm long; sinus narrow, the lobes divergent; free points 20-35 mm long, filamentous, more or less parallel. Petals obovate-lanceolate, 14-17 mm x 5-6 mm, acuminate, curved at the base, transparent with green lines, dorsal ridge with numerous trichomes, proximal flange poorly developed. Labellum highly irritable on a curved claw c. 3.3 mm long; lamina oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate, 5.5-7 mm x 3-3.5 mm, dark green, thin textured, barely constricted in distal quarter, widest above the middle, margins irregularly undulate, apex upcurved to cymbiform; lateral margins with 9-12 pairs of short stiff white spreading trich- omes c. 1mm long; basal lobe raised, sloped backwards, a pair of prominent, erect trichomes c. 3 mm long arising from a swollen area near the constriction; under- side with a broad, shallow central channel extending nearly to the apex, bordered by a band of siliceous cells. Column 13-16 mm long, strongly curved in distal third. Column wings c. 4 mm x 3 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, ciliate; barrier cilia maniliform, entire. Stigma 6-7 mm x c. 2 mm, narrowly elliptical, upper margins irregularly toothed. Anther c. 1.3 mm long, 82 obtuse. Pollinia c. 1.6 mm long, linear-clavate, yellow, mealy. Capsule not seen. (Fig. 2 i-1) Distribution and Habitat Endemic to south-western Victoria where occuring on the northern outliers of the Grampians. Grows in shallow grey sand on sandstone rock ledges and in crevices in the scant protection of low shrubs. Flowering Period October and November. Notes P. planulata is part of a complex of taxa surrounding P. biseta Blackmore and Clemesha. It can be distinguished from P. biseta by its more slender habit and smaller green flowers, with an oblong-ovate to oblong-obovate green labellum which is scarcely constricted at the base. The conjoined part of the lateral sepals, being shallowly concave to nearly flat, is also very distinctive. Conservation Status Apparently of restricted distribution and uncommon to rare, although con- served; suggest 2RC according to Briggs and Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Latin planus, even flat, level; in reference to the shallowly concave to nearly flat lateral sepals. Pterostylis smaragdyna D. Jones et M. Clements species nova affinis P. longifoliae R. Br. a qua floribus majoribus, petalis base umbonato prominenti basem galeae obstructenti, et labello permajore, smaragdyno differt. Typus: Victoria; Ironbark Rd. Diamond Creek, 37°41'S, 145°10'E, 9 July 1987, H.M.E. Richards 201 (Holotypus: CBG; Isotypi: CBG, MEL). Terrestrial tuberous herb. Rosette a separate plant, on a slender stalk 2-5 cm tall; leaves 3-5, linear-lanceolate to narrow-ovate, 9-35 mm x 4-8 mm, dark green above, smooth and paler beneath acute sessile or shortly petiolate. Flowering plants 9-55 cm tall. Stem leaves 5-7, 2-10 cm x 3-6 mm, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, sessile, obliquely erect, dark green above, paler beneath, margins recurved, apex acute, sheathing at the base. Floral bracts 10-17 mm x 4-8 mm, ovate, acuminate, closely sheathing. Pedicel 5-20 mm long, straight. Ovary 6-7 mm long, dark green, smooth to slightly verrucose. Flowers 1-10, 17-22 mm long, obliquely erect, translucent green with darker green stripes and suffusions, some- what shiny; galea curved throughout, curving downwards from near the middle and then suddenly near the apex; petals with broad proximal flanges which block off the base of the galea. Dorsal sepal 18-22 mm x 12 mm, more or less ovate, broadly inflated in the proximal half then tapered to apex, apical point c. 1 mm long, brownish. Lateral sepals deflexed, narrowly-elliptical, 16-19 mm x 7-8 mm, slightly curved forwards near the apex, inner surface minutely scabrous; sinus narrow, lobes divergent; free points 6-7 mm long, 4-5 mm apart at the apex, green or brownish. Petals 15-16 mm xc. 4 mm, slightly falcate; central ridge prominent; proximal posterior flange c. 2 mm across, well-developed, obtuse; distal posterior flange c. 0.5 mm wide; anterior flange 2.5-3 mm wide, transparent, acute margins entire. Labellum c. 8 mm x 4 mm, more or less oblong, emerald green with a dark green basal mound and central callus, mid-lobe paler; basal mound c. 2.5 mm thick, prominent, erect, apex obtuse covered with beaded siliceous cells and very short clear, acicular cells; lateral lobes 6-6.5 mm long, well developed, ridged and widely spreading in the distal half, covered with beaded, siiceous cells, numerous protruding clear, acicular cells to 0.3 mm long on the proximal margins; mid-lobe 83 c. 2 mm long, the apex strongly upcurved, pale green, covered with beaded sil- iceous cells, densely margined with clear, short acicular cells; apex notched for c. 0.5 mm, the lobes divergent. Column c. 1 5 mm long, curved, green. Column wings c. 4 mm x 4 mm, more or less rectangular, anterior margins incurved, with numer- ous flat cilia c. 1mm long; distal lobe c. 0.6 mm long, ovoid, obtuse. Stigma c. 7 mm x 2 mm, elliptical-cordate, apex broadly notched, distal margins crenulate. Anther c. 1.4 mm long, shortly rostrate. Pollinia c. 1.5 mm long, linear-oblong, yellow, mealy. Capsule 12-14 mm x 3-4 mm, obovoid. (Fig. 2 f-i) Distribution and Habitat Apparently endemic to central Victoria. Grows in moist flat areas among grass in open forest and also on dry ridges. Flowering Period July and August. Notes P. smaragdyna has affinities with P. longifolia R. Br. but has much larger flowers, petals with prominent proximal flanges which block off the base of the galea and a much larger labellum, which is usually emerald green but is occasion- ally brownish green. Sporadic hybrids occur where both species grow in close proximity at Diamond Creek. P smaragdyna is also similar to P. chlorogramma but has much larger, broader flowers and a larger labellum with widely spreading lateral lobes. Conservation Status Moderately widespread and conserved in the Brisbane Ranges National Park. Suggest status of 3RC by criteria of Briggs & Leigh (1989). Etymology From the Latin smaragdinus, emerald green, in reference to the colour of the labellum. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our research was in part funded by the Nell and Hermon Slade Trust, the Australian Biological Resources Survey and the Australian Orchid Foundation for which we are most grateful. We thank Alex George for furnishing the Latin diagnoses and we also wish to thank the following for their assistance with the collection of material, information and in the preparation of this paper; Paul Barnett, Bob Bates, Geoff Beilby, Peter Branwhite, Corinna Broers, Ruth Clark, Geoff Glare, Jeff Jeanes, Barbara Jones, Alan Logan, Helen Richards and Ron Tunstall. REFERENCES Briggs, J. D. & Leigh, J. H. (1989). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants , Special Publication No 14, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Clements, M.A. (1989). Catalogue of Australian Orchidaceae. Aust. Orth. Res. 1: 1-160. Jones, D.L. and M.A. Clements. ( 1 989a). New orchid taxa from south-eastern Queensland. Proc. Rov. Soc. Queensland. 98: 123-132. Jones, D.L. and M.A. Clements (1989b). Reinterpretation of the genus Genoplesium R. Br. (Orchi- daceae; Prasophyllinae). Lindleyana 4(3): 139-145. Jones, D.L. (1991). New Taxa of Australian Orchidaceae, Aust. Orch. Res. 2: 1-208. Manuscript received 21 October 1992 NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF TRIGLOCHIN L. (JUNCAGINACEAE) FORMERLY INCLUDED IN T. PROCERUM R. Br. Helen I. Aston* ABSTRACT Aston, H.I. New Australian species of Triglochin L. (Juncaginaceae) formerly included in T. procerum R. Br. Muelleria 8(1): 85-97 (1993). — Triglochin alcockiae, Triglochin microtuberosum, Triglochin multifructum and Triglochin rheophilum are described as new species from eastern Australia. Notes on diag- nostic features, geographical distribution and habitat preferences accompany each description. Maps are included. INTRODUCTION This paper is a precursor to a full revision of the tuberous-rooted species of Triglochin L. found within Australia. It is published now in order to make the new names available in time for the forthcoming ‘Flora of Victoria’. The descriptions are presented in the same format to be used for other species in the full revision. This will allow direct comparison between all species. The revision will include further discussion of the details given here. Triglochin L. has been treated by different authors as either feminine or neu- ter but Rauschert (1974) argued that it should correctly be accepted as neuter. Dr L.A.S. Johnson (in litt.) has assured me that Rauschert’s argument is sound. The spelling Triglochin procera is therefore correctly Triglochin procerum and other epithet endings follow suit. TAXONOMY Triglochin alcockiae H.I. Aston sp. nov. Triglochin procerum ‘S-w Vic’, Aston in litt. T. procero R.Br. tuberibus parvioribus, l-3plo tantum longioribus quam latioribus, fructibus paucioribus typice latioribus quam longioribus, marginibus ventralibus carpellorum fructican- tium affixis non nisi secus infernum 20%-39% longitudinem carpelli distinguitur. Typus: Victoria, c. 38 km (straight line) south-west of Horsham. Swamp at north end of Toolondo Reservoir. 36° 59'S, 141° 56'E. Common in still, tannin-stained to clear fresh water few-30 cm deep. 9 Nov. 1988, H.I. Aston 2705 (Holotypus: MEL 705957; Isotypi: AD, BRI, CANB, CBG, HO, K, MEL 705956 & 705962 & 705963 & spirit material, NSW, PERTH). Rhizomes vertical, 1.7-7 cm long x 7-10 mm diam., bearing short fine soft fibres to 2 cm long, rarely to 1 1 cm. Tubers ellipsoid, obloid or globular to oblan- ceolate or obovate, 8-20(-28) mm long x 5- 1 2 mm diam. (length 1 .0-3.0 times the diam.), terminating roots 5-35 mm long; each root 0.3-2. 3 times as long as its tuber. Leaves (6-)26-9 1 cm long x ( 1 -) 2-8 mm wide, dorsiventral, medium-green and glossy above, paler beneath, bending below the water surface, the emerged portions floating and maintaining contact with the water along their whole length (or sometimes held semi-erect by surrounding herbage), ± linear, flat to slightly plano-convex in T.S., shortly tapered, obtuse, moderately thickened and spongy toward the base, sheathed over the lower 1 6%— 38% of the leaf length. T.S. leaf about 3 cm below the sheath summit, narrowly piano- to concavo-convex, width 3. 8-4. 3 times the thickness; each side of sheath 2. 1-2.6 mm wide, equal c. 34%- 45% of the leaf width. Stems in fruit 28-8 1 cm long (including the infructescence) * c/o National Herbarium of Victoria, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia 3141. 85 86 Fig. 1 . Mature fruiting carpels of Triglochin spp. a-d — outline in T.S.. dorsal surface at top. e-h — lateral view, dorsal surface to left, ventral attachment shown by thickened line at right. — a & e, T. alcockiae , from Aston 2722 (MEL), b&f, T. microtuberosum, from Aston 2683 (MEL), c&g, T. multifructum , from Aston 2797 (MEL), d & h, T. rheophilum, from Clarke 1934 (MEL). All x 5. x 1.3-5. 9 mm diameter. Rachis 1.0-2. 6 mm diam. at base, gradually tapered upwards; rachis and pedicels pale cream-green or the rachis (occasionally also the pedicels) pale to deep maroon-red. Infructescence (0.6-)2— 13.5 cm long (= 5%- 28% of the total stem length) x 11 — 19 mm diameter. Pedicels often upcurved, 1.2-3. 5 mm long. Fruits loosely touching to shortly spaced, ( l-)8— 67 per infruc- tescence, 3-8 per 1 cm of rachis length, globular to depressed globular in outline, usually broader than long, 5. 6-8. 7 mm long x 6. 6-9. 9 mm diameter. Carpels { 5 or) 6, in fruit straight and erect or the upper portions partly spiralled around each other and then giving a semi-twisted appearance to the fruit, all maturing or 1 or 2 (occasionally to 5) aborted, 5. 6-8. 5 mm long x 1. 3-3.0 mm wide x 2.3-4. 1 mm deep; ventral edges attached only over the lower portions; attachment length = 20%-39% of the carpel length; lateral faces ± flat to slightly concave or convex, mostly not adpressed; dorsal ridge broad-rounded, 1 0%— 22% of carpel depth; shoulder ridges rounded, 1 7%— 26% of carpel width. (Fig. 1 a & e) Selected Specimens Examined (total examined = 70) South Australia — Bangham area, 23 Oct. 1988, Alcocks.n. (MEL); 1 km N of Pages Flat Road. Southern Lofty Ranges, lOOct. 1977, Bell J27(AD); Section 66, Hundred ofTownsend, 240ct. 1981, Conrick 683 (AD); Comaum, c. 40 km SSE of Naracoorte, 2 1 Oct. 1 962, Hunt 1255 (AD); Kelly Hill, c. 13 km ENE of Cape du Couedic, Kangaroo Island, 7 Nov. 1958, Wilson 7§7(AD; also AK, BISH, UC n.v.). Victoria — Mundarra, c. 1 1 km WSW of Edenhope, 1 1 Nov. 1 988, Aston 2720 (AD, MEL, NSW); Swamp beside the Glenelg River, 2.4 km E of Dergholm, 12 Nov. 1 988, Aston 2724 (AD, MEL, NSW); Coleraine racetrack, c. 4 km E of centre of Coleraine town, 12 Nov. 1 988, Aston 2726 (MEL); 1.75 km W of Bay of Martyrs carpark, c. 2 km W of Peterborough, 2 Jan. 1992, Carr 11680 (AD. BRI, CANB. HO, K, MEL, NSW). Tasmania — Near Longford, 19 Nov. 1951, Barber s.n. (HO); Melaleuca Creek, Bathurst Har- bour, 23 Jan. 1979, Chandler s.n. (MEL); 1.5 km W of Cape Naturaliste, 14 Oct. 1983, Moscal 3493 (HO, MEL); Hardwickes Hill, 24 Nov. 1983, Moscal 4438 ( HO. also AD n.v.); Wanderer River, 9 Mar. 1985, Moscal 10131 (HO). Distribution (Fig. 2) Occurs in South Australia on Kangaroo Island and in the Southern Lofty and south-eastern regions, extending into south-western Victoria south-west of 87 approximately the Little Desert, Stawell and Port Campbell. Also widespread in central, eastern and southern Tasmania. Habitat Usually fresh, still, clear water to 30(— 50) cm deep in ephemeral swamps, pools and swampy flats; occasionally edging small streams or in tannin-stained or stagnant water. Occasionally in brackish water of coastal swamp ( Carr 1168 ) or tidal stream ( Moscal 10131). Substrate fine, often humic, sand, silt, sandy-loam or sandy-clay, generally over fine sticky grey or black clay; a stony alluvial stream bank also recorded. Swamps typically in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) or E. baxteri (Brown Stringybark.) open forest, heathland, or open grassy pastureland. Triglochin alcockiae often co-exists within dense assemblages of sedges and aquatic or semi-aquatic herbs, e.g. Baumeajuncea, B. tetragona, Carex sp., Chorizandra cymbaria, Schoenus tesquorum, Scirpus fluitans, Craspedia sp., Hypolaena longissima, Isoetes sp., Leptocarpus brownii, Liliaeopsis sp., Milli- ganiajohnstonii, Myriophyllum muelleri, M. salsugineum, Neopaxia australasica, Potamogeton tricarinatus, Selliera radicans, Stellaria sp., Swainsona procumbens, Ranunculus robertsonii, Triglochin striatum, T. turriferum, Villarsia reniformis. Commonly occurs from virtually sea level to 200 m altitude, but recorded up to c. 300 m on the mainland (Grampians and Southern Lofty areas) and up to c. 750 m in Tasmania. Flowers from September to December on the mainland; September to March in Tasmania. Fruits from (September-) October to December (-January) in Vic- toria and South Australia; October to March in Tasmania. Diagnosis and Etymology Triglochin alcockiae is a comparatively small and slender species with dis- tinctive fruits and partially distinctive tubers. Mature fruits are comparatively few, 1-67 per infructescence, to 8.7 mm long and 9.9 mm diam., usually some- what broader than long, globular to depressed-globular in outline with rounded dorsal ridges. Fruiting carpels are ventrally attached only over the lower 20%-39% of the carpel length. The free upper portion of the carpels may be partially 88 spiralled around each other. Of the (5 or) 6 carpels in the developing fruit all may mature or frequently 1 or 2, sometimes more, may abort. Tubers are distinctively smaller and plumper than those of the sympatric T. procerum but can resemble those of some of the allopatric species of Triglochin. The specific epithet alcockiae commemorates Mrs Kath Alcock of Nara- coorte (formerly of Comaum), South Australia. Mrs Alcock has displayed a deep interest in the plants of her area over many years and was the first to alert me to the existence of this species. Field Observations Triglochin alcockiae has been observed (. Aston 2724) in the field growing intermingled with Triglochin procerum ( Aston 2725). Plants of each species exhibited distinctive differences in fruits, tubers and racemes, with no grada- tions. Triglochin microtuberosum H.I. Aston sp.nov. Triglochin procerum agg., form B, Robb & Ladiges (1981). Triglochin procerum 'B', Aston in litt. Triglochin procero R. Br. tuberibus parvis prope rhizomate fasciculatis, fructibus pyriformibus plus minusve, et carpellis fructicantibus sine cristis dorsalibus distinguitur. Typus: Victoria, East Gippsland, ‘Redbanks’ farm, c. 2 km south-east of Genoa, 37°28'S, 149°36'E. Abundant in stagnant waterhole of an otherwise-dry creek in cleared grazing country. Water highly eutrophic, muddy, with much farm run-off and cow-dung from cattle which have eaten the Triglochin and trampled the sub- strate. 23 Feb. 1988, H.I. Aston 2683 (Holotypus: MEL 705958; Isotypi: AD, BRI, CANB, MEL 705961 & spirit material, NSW). Rhizomes horizontal, to 7 cm long x 6-12 mm diam., bearing short coarse bristly fibres to 12 mm long. Tubers near-globular to obloid or rarely obovoid, 4.5— 1 3(— 1 7) mm long x 3-6 mm diam. (length 1.1 — 1 ,9(— 5) times the diam.), ter- minating roots 1 — 7(— 1 4) mm long; each root 0.2-2 times as long as its tuber (see under Notes below re abnormal tubers). Leaves 30- 137 cm long x 3- 1 2 mm wide, dorsiventral, deep green above, paler green beneath, emergent, erect or with the extremities outcurved, sometimes the emerged portion fully floating or recurved with only the extremity floating, tapered and flattened distally, acute, very thickened and spongy toward the base, sheathed over the lower 27%-49% of the leaf length. T.S. leaf about 3 cm below the sheath summit', broadly piano- to con- cavo-convex and ± semi-cylindrical, width 1 .6-2.4 times the thickness; each side of sheath 3. 4-9.0 mm wide, equal c. 50%-84% of the leaf width, the two sheaths usually touching to overlapping; blade and sheaths together ± rounded in outline. Stems in fruit 54-124 cm long (including the infructescence) x 2.5-12.6 mm diameter. Rachis 1. 5-4.0 mm diam. at base, gradually tapered upwards; rachis and pedicels green. Infructescence 7-21 cm long (= 10%-20% of the total stem length) x 15-24 mm diameter. Pedicels 0. 5-3.0 mm long. Fruits touching, 44-137 per infructescence, 7-9 per 1 cm of rachis length, very widely obovoid in outline but with the base contracted into a distinctive stalk, 7.0-9. 6 mm long x 5. 5-8. 2 mm diameter. Carpels (5 or) 6, in fruit straight and erect, never twisted, normally all maturing, 7. 0-9. 6 mm long x 2.25-3.35 mm wide x 2.6-3.75 mm deep; ventral edges attached along their whole length (excluding the beak sinus); attachment length = 58%-70% of carpel length; lateral faces ± flat, adpressed; dorsal ridge absent, the dorsal face usually shallowly concave longitudinally or sometimes shallowly convex; shoulders rounded not ridged; carpel ± triangular in cross sec- tion. (Fig. 1 b & f) 89 Selected Specimens Examined (total examined = 32) Queensland — Between Tamborine Village and Canungra, 27 Aug. 1961, Blake 21593 (BR1, CBG, DNA, NSW); Serpentine Creek and environs, c. 1 1 km NE of Brisbane, Nov. 1972, Durrington 531 (BRI). New South Wales — About 2 km N of Carmichaels Creek, between Clarence Town and Morpeth, _8 Nov. 1989, Aston 2791 (MEL, NSW); Creek flowing into SW side of Betunga/Penooka swamplands, r. 9 km SE of Bega, 1 3 Feb. 1990, Aston 2813 (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); 200 m S of the Tuross River where crossed by the Princes Highway, 14 Feb. 1990. Aston 2814 (BRI, CBG, MEL, NSW); Tooloom Falls, 3 miles from Urbenville, North Coast region, 4 Dec. 1970, Telford 2699 (CBG). Victoria — Cox’s Bridge over South Gippsland Highway, c. 0.5 km S of Sale, 6 Apr. 1987, Aston <-619( HO, MEL, NSW); Bunga Creek, at Princes Highway, c. 5 km NE of Lakes Entrance, 7 Apr. 1987, Aston 2639 ( MEL, NSW); ‘Carinya’, c. 1 or 2 km W of Swan Reach, 9 Apr. 1987, Aston 2650 (BRI, CANB, HO. MEL, NSW); E side of Corringle Beach Road, 0.5 km S of the Princes Highway at New- merella, 22 Jan. 1992, Aston 2841 (BRI. CANB, MEL). Distribution (Fig. 3) Common in Central and South Coast regions of New South Wales and in coastal eastern Victoria, extending from the Myall Lakes south and west to Sale. Also three disjunct records from south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales (vicinities of Brisbane, Canungra and Urbenville). Habitat Fresh, usually still, sometimes gently flowing water to 50(-120) cm deep in seasonal to permanent swamps, farm dams, and small swampy creeks; stagnant water often highly eutrophic and humic with farm run-off, rotting vegetation and cattle-dung; flowing water clear. Rhizomes and roots embedded in fine black Fig. 3. Distribution map of Triglochin microtuberosum. 90 humic silt, loamy-peat, grey loam, loamy to pure or gravelly sand, gravelly-mud or (one record) clay; substrate often trampled by cattle which graze the Triglochin. Sites typically in cleared grassy pastures; recorded also from natural Casuar- ina/Gahnia swampland and from cleared swampland previously occupied by Melaleuca ericifolia. Associated species recorded are Eleocharis sphacelata, Jun- cus sp., J. usitatus, Cyperus sp., C. gunnii, Myriophyllum sp., Triglochin procerum, Cotula coronopifolia, Ludwigia peploides , Potamogeton ochreatus, and Utricularia sp. A lowland species, mostly from c. 3-100 m altitude. Highest record c. 400 m C Telford 2699). Flowers and fruits recorded all months from August to May, particularly November to April. Notes When dry, the distinctive stalk of approximately the basal quarter or third of the fruit is narrowed through shrinking and may .superficially be mistaken for an extension of the pedicel. The remainder of the fruit then appears depressed- globular. Some collections ( Aston 2791, 2792) from Morpeth, New South Wales, had unusual elongated spindle-shaped tubers to 30 mm long x 3 mm diam. on roots to 28 mm long. Other tubers and roots, and the proportions of these, agreed with the descriptions and measurements given in the main description above. Diagnosis and Etymology Triglochin microtuberosum has distinctive small numerous tubers terminat- ing very short roots so that the tubers are clustered closely against the rhizome. The more or less pear-shaped fruit with squat summit, stalk-like base and absence of dorsal ridges is also distinctive, the (5 or)6 carpels being ventrally attached over most of their length and more or less triangular in cross-section. A helpful characteristic, although partly shared with the eastern variant of T. procerum, is the more or less cylindrical shape of the lower leaf as seen in cross- section below the sheath summit. Here the leaf blade is thickly spongy, i.e. the blade is deep in comparison with its width, and the sheaths are curved and usually touching to overlapping. The epithet microtuberosum refers to the small clustered tubers which allow even vegetative recognition of this species. Triglochin multifructum H I. Aston sp. nov. Triglochin procerum agg., form A, Robb & Ladiges (1981). Triglochin procerum ‘A’, Aston in litt. Triglochin procero R.Br. fructibus parvioribus, numerosis plus, farctis ( 1 4—27 per 1 cm rhachidis), globosis in circumferentia sed porcatis prominentibus maturitate distinguitur. Typus: New South Wales, c. 11 km ± north-east of Barham, 35°34'01"S, 144°12'06"E. In 25 cm of slow-flowing water in small irrigation channel through open farmland. Common. < 80 m altitude. 1 9 Apr. 1 987, H.I. Aston 2656 (Holo- typus: MEL 705960; Isotypi: AD, BRI, CANB, MEL 705959 & spirit material, NSW). Rhizomes horizontal to upcurved, to 1 1.5 cm long x 14-18 mm diam., bear- ing long fine soft fibres 1-6 cm long. Tubers narrow-ellipsoid or narrow-obovoid to ellipsoid or obovoid, rarely broad-obovoid, 1 3-40 mm long x 4-14 mm diam. (length 1.3-5. 2 times the diam.), terminating roots (8-)20-100 mm long; each root 1 — 4(— 5.7) times as long as its tuber. Leaves 43-133 cm long x 3.5— 1 7 (—34) mm wide, dorsi ventral, deep green and glossy above, paler yellowish-green below, floating or sometimes with an emerged curve or with the extremities of younger shorter leaves emergent and erect, shortly tapered, obtuse-acute, thickened and spongy toward the base, sheathed over the lower 14%-20°/o of the leaf length. T.S. 91 leaj about 3 cm below the sheath summit : narrowly piano- to concavo-convex, width 4. 3-6. 5 times the thickness; each side of sheath 2-6 mm wide, equal c. 20%- 40% of the leaf width. Stems in fruit 41-1 1 2(— 175) cm long (including the infruc- tescence) x 3.5-1 5 mm diameter. Rachis 2.3— 5. 5(— 9) mm diam. at base, gradually tapered upwards; rachis and pedicels usually pale to deep maroon-cyclamen, or sometimes the rachis pale cream-green. Infructescence 1 2— 36. 5(— 1 10) cm long (= 1 7%— 46%(— 63%) of the total stem length) x 10-19 mm diameter. Pedicels 1.1-4 mm long. Fruits tightly touching, 229-c. 1000 per infructescence, 14-27 per 1 cm of rachis length, globular in outline, 3-5 mm long x 3-5 mm diameter. Carpels 6(-8), straight and erect in fruit, normally all maturing, rarely 1 aborted, 3-5 mm long x 0.9- 1.5 mm wide x 1.1-2.25 mm deep; ventral edges attached along their whole length (excluding the beak sinus); attachment length = 57%— 75% of carpel length; lateral faces ± flat, adpressed; dorsal ridge prominent, narrow-rounded (32%-42% of carpel depth); shoulder ridges inconspicuous before carpels separate but then seen in T.S. to be 1 5%— 28% of carpel width. See also variant description under Notes. (Fig. 1 c & g) Selected Specimens Examined (total examined =115) Northern Territory — Bing Bong Station, 8 Jan. 1971, Dunlop 2254 (DNA). Queensland — 4.5 km E of Byfield, 4 Aug. 1985, Anderson 4022 (BRI); Cashmere, date 2,Armit 73 (MEL); 0.5 km N ofNorman River at Normanton, 20 May 1982 , Aston 2276(AD, BRI, MEL); 18 km N of Taroom, 7 Sep. 1983 , Aston 2497 (BRI, MEL); Kroombit Tableland, 60 km SW of Gladstone, 4 Jun. 1977, Crisp 2784 (CBG); Coongarra Falls, Burnett District, 29 Dec. 1989, Forster 6153 (BRI); Beerburrum Creek, c. 55 km N of Brisbane, 13 Nov. 1956, Eichler 13148 (AD); 10 miles S of Mt Molloy, 1 Jul. 1 962, Hoogland 8509 (BRI, CANB); 24 km N of Mareeba, 1 May 1 986, Jacobs 4849 & Sainty (NSW); Near Georgetown, May 1976, Scarth- Johnson 5 7 A (BRI); Tambo, Barcoo River, 1874, Dr Wuth s.n. (MEL). New South Wales — 7 km N of Tooleybuc, 16 Dec. 1988, Aston 2733 (MEL, NSW, PERTH); Poisoned Waterholes Creek, 9 km SSE of Narrandera, 14 Nov. 1989, Aston 2788 (MEL, NSW); Queanbeyan, 11 Dec. 1911, Cambage 3349 (NSW); Joorilands, Wollondilly River, 20 Jan. 1965, Constable 5642 (NSW); Molonglo River near Black Mountain, A.C.T., 31 Mar. 1960, Gray 4840 (CANB); Boyd River, 15 Jan. 1977, Jacobs 2937 (NSW); Limestone Creek, Wandsworth, lOJan. 1932, McKie NSW2695 (NSW); Murie Creek, 1 km S along Wyalong road from Condoblin-Euabalong road, 28 Nov. 1983, K.L. Wilson 5653 (NSW). Victoria — Loch Garry, 19 km NNW of Shepparton, 17 Jan. 1 987, Aston 261 1 (MEL); Wallenjoe Game Reserve, 6.5 km E of Corop, 18 Apr. 1987, Aston 2655 (AD, BRI, MEL); 3 km NE of Wan- garatta, 25 Feb. 1988, Aston 2692 (AD, MEL); 3.5 km NNW of Piangil North, 16 Dec. 1988, Aston 2734 (MEL); Avon River, 25 km W of St Arnaud, 19 Dec. 1988 , Aston 2746 ( MEL); 3 km SSE of Wood Wood, 5 Nov. 1989, Aston 2779 (AD, CANB, MEL). South Australia — Neales River, Lake Eyre Basin, 28 Jan. 1978, Knight 264 (AD); 30 km E of Macumba homestead, Lake Eyre Basin, 5 Sep. 1986, Weber 9158 (AD). Distribution (Fig. 4) From the Northern Territory (one record, Gulf of Carpentaria) through east- ern Queensland and New South Wales to northern Victoria, with two outlying records from the northern Lake Eyre Basin in South Australia. Most prevalent and typical in Victoria and New South Wales. A fruiting collection ( Beauglehole 68161, 5 Feb. 1980, MEL) from Ewing Marsh Wildlife Reserve, ± 10 km SW of Orbost, is the only definite Victorian collection of T. multifructum from south of the Great Dividing Range. A collec- tion with immature fruits ( Constable 5319, 28 Oct. 1964, NSW) from Wurruk Lagoon, Sale, is apparently this species and, if so, represents a second record from southern Victorian. Habitat Fresh, still to slow-flowing, usually clear water to 70 cm deep in seasonal to permanent swamps, lagoons, roadside ditches, stagnant waterholes, irrigation channels and creeks, surviving on saturated to damp soils left above receding waters. Water sometimes stained black from decomposing leaf litter of dominant trees, sometimes semi-turbid and cloudy. Rhizomes and roots embedded mostly in sandy to heavy grey clays overlain with several centimetres of soft silt, also in 92 red-grey loamy-clay; one record ( Sharpe 1917) in peaty soil. Sites typically in or fringed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) or Melaleuca quinquiner- via\ also reported in Eucalyptus populnea and Eucalyptus spp J Casuarina littoralis woodlands. A lowland species usually <200 m altitude, rising to c. 800 m or rarely to 1050 m (Northern Tableland, N.S.W). Flowers from August to May (Vic. and southern N.S.W.); April to September (northern tropics). Fruits from October to June (Vic. and southern N.S.W.); April to September, with one January record (northern tropics). 93 Notes Variant Description : Most collections from outside Victoria and New South Wales, including the isolated records from the Lake Eyre Basin, have fruits which are more ellipsoid and often larger than those included in the main description. In some cases they may also have narrower leaves, shorter stems in fruit, and shorter infructescences with narrower rachises. All or most of these variations may be evident on the same collection (e.g. Armit 73, Hoogland 8509, Jacobs 4849), but this is inconsistent. Gradients occur, and I cannot discern any consistent pattern of change, either morphologically or geographically, to indicate that any of the ellipsoid-fruited plants deserve formal taxonomic recognition. Variant measurements which extend either the upper or lower limits given in the main description are:- Leaves 2-16 mm wide; stems in fruit 28-70 cm long (including the infructescence); rachis 1.3-4. 5 mm at base; infructescences 5.7- 32.7 cm long; fruits 4. 5-8. 5 mm long x 2.8-5 mm diameter. Diagnosis and Etymology Mature fruiting plants of T. multifructum are readily distinguished in the held by the comparatively long slender infructescence with typically maroon-cyclamen rachis and small, numerous, tightly-touching fruits ( c . 14-27 per 1 cm of rachis length). The small fruits (to 5 mm long) are globular in outline (more ellipsoid and to 8.5 mm long in the variant noted) but strongly ridged. The 6(-8) carpels are ventrally attached along most of their length and each has a prominent, narrow, longitudinal, dorsal ridge and two noticeable shoulder (lateral) ridges. The specific epithet refers to the many fruits, up to c. 1000, which mature on each infructescence. Field Observations Triglochin multifructum frequently co-exists with Triglochin procerum, allowing plants of both species to be compared in identical environments sub- jected to the same water regimes. For example: 1. Near Wangaratta, in north-east Victoria, both (Aston 2692, T. multi- fructum', Aston 2693, T. procerum) were collected 100 m apart in the same lagoon. The leaves of both were indistinguishable in shape and growth-form except for the sheaths of T. procerum seeming a little wider towards the base. The mature leaves bent at the water surface to float upon it, the whole of the emerged portion of the leaf maintaining contact with the water. Only the tips of very young leaves rose above the surface. T. multifructum had the rachis tinged to deep maroon-cycla- men whereas the rachis of T. procerum was green. 2. At Wood Wood, in north-west Victoria, both grew intermingled over an extensive area and were collected ( Aston 2779, T. multifructum', Aston 2780, T. procerum) from 1 m apart at identical heights above the receding water level. The structure of stems and leaves were similar on all plants in the mixed population but the stems were more slender and the leaves slightly narrower on plants of T. multifructum. The plants of T. multifructum also had tubers shorter and pro- Table 1. Comparative tuber measurements of Triglochin multifructum and T. procerum from three populations. Population Species Tuber length (mm) Length = ? x diam. Koondrook multifructum 12-28 1.5-3 procerum 33-56 4-9 Avon River multifructum 22-30 3— 4(-5) procerum 52-95 8-14 Wood Wood multifructum 23-38 2-3 procerum 37-55 3.5-7 94 portionally wider than those of T. procerum (Table 1), the rachis and pedicels cyclamen-maroon compared with green or sometimes tinged maroon in T. pro- cerum and the fruits morphologically distinct and smaller and lighter yellow-green than the dark green to maroon-green fruits of T. procerum. 3. At Koondrook, northern Victoria, tubers (spirit collections Aston 2783, T. multifructum ; Aston 2784, T. procerum) from plants growing 15 cm apart in an intermingled population were measured. Those from plants (Aston 2746, T. multi- fructum-, Aston 2747, T. procerum) growing intermingled in a stagnant waterhole of the Avon River west of St Arnaud, Victoria, were also measured. Within each population, the tubers showed the same differences as those from Wood Wood mentioned above, tubers of T. multifructum being shorter and proportionally wider than those of T. procerum (Table 1). 4. At Piangil North, north-west Victoria, plants of T. multijructum (Aston 2734) and T procerum (Aston 2735) were interspersed along the edge of a lagoon. T. multifructum was flowering and fruiting at the water’s edge and in water to 30 cm deep whereas T. procerum occurred only above the waterline and had com- pleted fruiting. This deeper water habitat and latef flowering of T. multifructum in relation to T. procerum was not duplicated in observations at other locations. Triglochin multifructum also grows intermingled with Triglochin dubium R. Br. Near Tooleybuc, S.W. New South Wales, the two were collected less than 1 metre apart. The pale to deep maroon-red rachis of T. multifructum (Aston 2733) contrasted with the green rachis of T. dubium (Aston 2732). Near Wallenjoe Swamp, central-northern Victoria, T. multifructum (Aston 2806) had broader obtuse more flattened leaf blades than T. dubium (Aston 2807) which had acute blades more or less semi-circular in cross section. The species could be dis- tinguished vegetatively as well as by their strikingly different fruits. Triglochin rheophilum H.I. Aston sp. nov. Triglochin procerum agg., form D, Robb & Ladiges (1981). Triglochin procerum ‘D\ Aston in litt. Triglochin procero R. Br. foliis longis linearibus tenuibus neque incrassatis neque spongiosis versus basim, vaginis angustis, et fructibus cristis prominentibus, ellipsoidis vel obovatis leniter in circumferentia distinguitur. Typus - Victoria — East Gippsland; Pyramid Creek, c. 0.05 km north on the Combienbar road from Club Terrace, 37°32.4'S, 148°56.2'E. Plants massed in narrow pools or runs up to 1 metre deep. Altitude c. 90 m. 14 Dec. 1991, fE.M. Molyneux s.n. (Holotypus: MEL 705965; Isotypi: BRI, CANB, MEL 705964 & spirit material, NSW). Rhizomes horizontal to vertical, 3.5-18.5 cm long x 4-14 mm diam., bearing long fine soft fibres 2-1 1 cm long. Tubers globular (young one), narrow-ellipsoid or narrow-oblanceolate to elliptic or obovate, or elongated and ± long-cylindrical to narrow-rhomboid and tapered at each end (often twisted or pitted by the grav- elly substrate), ll-80(-102) mm long x 2-11 mm diam. (length 1.8-12.5(-20 .4) times as long as diam.), terminating roots 25— 126(— 1 78) mm long; each root 1.2- 7.9 times as long as its tuber. Leaves 41-252 cm longx ( 1 — )2— 1 6 mm wide, usually isolateral, non-glossy, semi-translucent and mid-green to reddish-green, com- pletely submerged at or several centimetres below the water surface and often loosely spiralled or with undulate margins (leaves somewhat dorsiventral when stranded, with upper surfaces darker green and ± glossy), linear throughout whole length (including sheathed portion) except tapered distally, acute to narrow- obtuse, thin-textured, not thickened and spongy toward the base, sheathed over the lower ( 1 3%—) 1 8%— 42% of the leaf length. T.S. leaf about 3 cm below the sheath summit, linear to thinly plano-convex, width 4.4-20.7 times the thickness, each side of sheath 1. 4-5.2 mm wide, equal c. 18%-40% of the leaf width but mostly inrolled so that sheath width when rolled is 1-3.2 mm, equal only c. 1 1%-26% of the leaf width. Stems in fruit ( 1 9— )29— 1 1 5 cm long (including the infructescence)x 2-18 mm diameter. Rachis 1-10 mm diam. at base, gradually tapered upwards, 95 rachis and pedicels pale green-cream, rarely tinged maroon-cyclamen. Infructes- cence 5-36 cm long (= (8°/o-)20%-42% of the total stem length) x 1 5— 30(— 35) mm diameter. Pedicels often slender, upcurved, 2.5-9 mm long. Fruits touching, those on longer pedicels loosely so, those on shorter pedicels more firmly so, (20-)35- 232 per rachis, 4-9 per 1 cm of rachis length, ellipsoid to mildly obovate in outline, 9-16 mm longx 5-9.5 mm diameter. Carpels 6(or 7), in fruit usually straight and erect but sometimes partly spiralled around each other and then giving a twisted appearance to the fruit, normally all maturing, 8.5-15.5 mm long x 1.6-2. 8 mm wide x 2. 1-4.6 mm deep; ventral edges attached along their whole length (exclud- ing the beak sinus); attachment length = 63%-70% of carpel length; lateral faces ± flat, adpressed; dorsal ridge typically prominent and narrow-rounded, sometimes broad-rounded and less pronounced, ( 1 7%— 33% of carpel depth); shoulder ridges inconspicuous before carpels separate and then seen in T.S. to be 0%— 1 6% of carpel width (i.e., non-demarcated to projecting from the lateral faces). (Fig. 1 d & h) Selected Specimens Examined (total examined = 65) Queensland — Running Creek, 6 km E of Gympie, Tin Can Bay Road, 7 May 1976, Jacobs 2522 (BRI. NSW). New South Wales — Stoney Crossing, Red Head Road, [north of Milton], 25 Oct. 1957, Con- stable s.n. (NSW); Tianjara Falls, between Braidwood and Nerriga, 9 Nov. 1968, Dunlop 181 (CBG); Nowra to Sassafras road, 19 Oct. 1939, Hadley s.n. (NSW); Crawford River [North Coast], 13 Nov. 1895, Rudder s.n. (MEL); Clarence River, Nov. 1875, Wilcox s.n. (MEL). Victoria — Brodribb River at Sardine Creek, 14 miles direct line NNE of Orbost, 4 Dec. 1968, Aston 1666 (CANB, MEL); Tanjil River, c. 100-200 m below Blue Rock Lake spillway, c. 1 1 km NNW of Moe, 23 Jan. 1992, Aston 2842 (BRI, CANB, MEL, NSW); Tributary of Double Creek, c. 1 km WNW of Mallacoota, 22 Feb. 1 989, Clarke 1934 (CANB, MEL, NSW); Ferntree Creek, at crossing of the Sardine Creek road, Ellery Forest Block, East Gippsland, 20 Jan. 1987, Earl 305 (MEL); Genoa River, on road to Wangarabell, 19.3 km NW of Princes Highway, East Gippsland, 24 Oct. 1991, Ross 3553 & Coles (CANB, MEL, NSW). Tasmania — Denison River at Ferny Hill Road bridge, 3 Nov. 1980, Buchanan 300 (HO); Carlton River, 0.5 km down from Arthur Highway, 21 Oct. 1984, Moscal 8677 (HO). Distribution (Fig. 5) Apparently most prevalent south and east of the Great Dividing Range in East Gippsland, Victoria, and in the central- and south-coast regions of New South Wales. Also recorded sparsely through north-coastal New South Wales to south-eastern Queensland (one record only), through Central Gippsland, Vic- toria, and in Tasmania. A 1965 collection (P. Saenger s.n., MEL) from Yellingbo east of Melbourne is apparently this species and, if so, represents the most westerly record in Victoria. Habitat Fresh, gently to swiftly flowing, usually cold clear water to one metre deep in permanent, often rocky, streams and rivers usually subject to severe flooding and water level rises of 3 to 4 metres. Bedrock of sandstone/mudstone. Rhizomes and roots embedded usually in thick sand or gravel substrate, often secured beneath rocks. Occasionally in still residual pools of streambed. Water occasionally tannin-stained. One record each from soft mud, sandy loam, gravel over silt and small stones overlying clay. Sites typically in wet sclerophyll forest with thick shrub understoreys; streamside vegetation recorded includes Eucalyptus spp., Tristaniopsis laurina, Tristania neriifolia, Acacia mearnsii, Callistemon subu- latus, Calytrix tetragona, Hakea microcarpa, Carex gaudichaudiana and Loman- dra longifolia. Seedlings establish on saturated edge soils. Generally extends to higher altitudes than other species, commonly occurring between 30 m and 580 m, also recorded at c. 970 m (Henshall s.n.)\ occasionally as low as 15 m. Flowers from August to January. Fruits from September to February, or possibly longer as young seedlings (testas still attached) were collected in February and April. 96 Fig. 5. Distribution map of Triglochin rheophilum. (Triangle = a doubtful record). Diagnosis and Etymology The long, narrow, linear, thin-textured, non-spongy leaves with narrow leaf sheaths and the fruits of T. rheophilum are distinctive. Mature fruits are 9- 1 6 mm long, ellipsoid to mildly obovate in outline, and 4-9 per 1 cm of rachis length. The 6 (or 7) mature carpels are ventrally attached over most of their length, each with a narrow and prominent dorsal ridge. Pedicels are often longer and more slender than in other species. Robb & Ladiges (1981; p. 645) commented on the distinctive vegetative morphology of this species (= their form D) and grew ten plants on in containers. They found the leaf characters to be apparently stable, a finding which indicates that these characters are genetically rather than environmentally controlled. My field observations {q.v.) support this conclusion. The epithet rheophilum indicates the restriction of this species to clear, often swiftly flowing, non-polluted, flood-prone streams and rivers. Field Observations Vegetative plants of T. rheophilum ( Aston 2812) were collected from Won- boyn Creek, New South Wales, only 1 metre from fruiting plants of an east coast variant of T. procerum ( Aston 2811). They were completely submerged in 1 metre or more of strongly flowing water and showed typical thin, non-spongy leaves with narrow leaf sheaths. The plants of the T. procerum variant were also in flowing, although shallower, water 20-30 cm deep but showed typical erect, well-emergent leaves with thick, spongy, more or less semi-cylindrical bases and very broad, 97 overlapping sheaths. There was no sign of any intermediacy between the two species. Because of the submerged habit and thick foliage masses trailing down- stream, infructescences of T. rheophilum are often hidden beneath the foliage where they, too, trail downstream. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to Neville G. Walsh (MEL) for preparing the Latin text and Dr L.A.S. Johnson (NSW) for advising on the gender of the generic name. Several people have been very helpful in providing comments, indicating localities, and/or making special efforts to collect Triglochin for my examination. For such help in relation to the species described in this paper I particularly thank K.M. Alcock (Naracoorte), J.H. Browne (Red Cliffs), P.A. Disher (Koondrook), T.S. Henshall (Milton), J.E. Kemp (Orbost), J. Roberts (Griffith), G. Ganff & F. Sheldon (Adelaide), and G.W. Carr, I.C. Clarke, S. Forrester, B. Gott & W.M. Molyneux (Melbourne). I also thank colleagues at MEL who have gathered material whenever opportunities arose. REFERENCES Rauschert, S. (1974). Zur Nomenklatur der Farn- und Blutenpflanzen Deutschlands (IV). Feddes Repert. 85: 654-655. (Triglochin L., 654-655) Robb, L. & Ladiges, P.Y. (1981). Morphological forms and polyploidy in Triglochin procera agg. in Victoria. Aust. J. Bot. 29: 639-651. Revised manuscript received 13 November 1992 CONTENTS Volume 8, Number 1 Page New saxicolous species of Ditremis Clements (lichenised Ascomycotina, Monoblastiaceae) from New Zealand and Hawaii — P.M. McCarthy 1 The discovery of Batrachospermalean taxa (Rhodophyta) in Australia and New Zealand — Timothy J. Entwisle 5 Hybanthus stellarioid.es new combination in Violaceae, a widespread species from eastern Australia and Papua New Guinea — Paul I. Forster 17 Two new species of Boronia (Rutaceae) endemic in Victoria — D.E. Albrecht and N.G. Walsh 21 Gonocarpus pycnostachyus (F. Muell.) Orch. (Haloragaceae) rediscovered — A.E. Orchard 27 New records of pyrenocarpous lichens from Australia — P.M. McCarthy 31 Utricularia beaugleholei (Lentibulariaceae: Subgenus Utricularia: Section Pleiochasia), a new species from south-eastern Australia — Robert J. Gassin 37 Bacidia albidoplumbea (lichenised Ascomycotina) and its taxonomic syn- onyms in Tasmania — Gintaras Kantvilas 43 Dillwynia sieberi distinguished from D. juniperina (Fabaceae: Mirbelieae) in south-eastern Australia — David E. Albrecht and Michael D. Crisp 47 A new species of Pultenaea (Fabaceae) in Victoria — M.G. Corrick 51 Notes on Pultenaea gunnii Benth. (Fabaceae) in Australia and description of a new subspecies from Victoria — M.G. Corrick 55 Notes on Isoetes and Tmesipteris in Victoria — R.J. Chinnock 57 A new species of Callistemon R. Br. (Myrtaceae) from east Gippsland — W. Molyneux 61 A new species of Marsilea L. (Marsileaceae) from Australia — D.L. Jones 65 The status of recently named orchids from south-eastern Australia — Mark A. Clements 69 New species of Pterostylis R. Br. (Orchidaceae) from Victoria and New South Wales — D. L. Jones and Mark A. Clements 73 New Australian species of Triglochin L. (Juncaginaceae) formerly included in T. procerum R. Br. — Helen I. Aston 85 ISSN 0077-1813 Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd, Burwood, Victoria